Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes:A case study from Chongming Dongtan,Yangtzeestuary,China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.     

区域高时空分辨率VOC天然源排放清单的建立

将中尺度气象模式MM5应用于估算VOC天然源排放的研究,建立了高时空分辨率VOC天然源排放清单的估算方法.根据方法需要,确定了我国部分树木排放异戊二烯和萜烯的标准排放因子,各植被类型排放各种VOC的标准排放因子,以及各植被类型季节平均的叶生物量密度.应用该方法估算了华南地区满足区域空气质量数值模拟要求的高时空分辨率VOC天然源排放清单.结果表明,华南地区夏季典型日的VOC天然源排放总量约1.12×10⁴t,VOC排放速率具有明显的时空分布,其中地理分布取决于植被类型及其分布,日变化规律则依赖于太阳辐射和温度的高低.并讨论了VOC天然源排放估算过程中误差的来源     

水质酸化对水生生物影响的研究

通过人工模拟试验,评价了水体酸化对不同营养级水生生物的影响.结果表明,不同营养级水生生物忍耐pH的阈限为5.0—5.5.     

矿区复合生态系统中土壤演替和植被演替的相互影响

在讨论矿区复合生态系统涵义的基础上，以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例，探讨了大型露天矿区复合生态系统演替与原生态系统演替的不同，即露天矿区复合生态系统演替极大地受着社会--经济--自然三方面的控制，在演替过程中土壤演替与植被演替相互影响、相互协调，共同作用了矿区复合生态系统。同时，还阐述了进行矿区生态重建的两大关键措施：生态环境建设和群落建设。     

Recent developments of surface complexation models applied to environmental aquatic chemistry

1　ＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＩｎｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ,ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｗｉｔｈａｄｖｅｒｓｅｉｍｐａｃｔｓ (ｅ .ｇ .,ｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙ ,ｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃｉｔｙａｎｄｌｅｔｈａｌｉｔｙ)ａｒｅｕｓｕａｌｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ,ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙｃｌａｙｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｕｓｉｎ…     

安太堡露天矿南排土场滑体植被治理技术

论述了安太堡矿南排土场滑体整治模式,通过植被减少滑体侵蚀及水土流失,改善了滑体的生态景观,对滑体安全起到了良好作用。     

Spatiotemporal Associations of Reservoir Nutrient Characteristics and the Invasive,Harmful Alga Prymnesium parvum in West Texas

Golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) is a harmful alga that has caused ecological and economic harm in freshwater and marine systems worldwide. In inland systems of North America, toxic blooms have nearly eliminated fish populations in some systems. Modifying nutrient profiles through alterations to land or water use may be a viable alternative for golden alga control in reservoirs. The main objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the nutrient dynamics that influence golden alga bloom formation and toxicity in west Texas reservoirs. We examined eight sites in the Upper Colorado River basin, Texas: three impacted reservoirs that have experienced repeated golden alga blooms; two reference reservoirs where golden alga is present but nontoxic; and three confluence sites downstream of the impacted and reference sites. Total, inorganic, and organic nitrogen and phosphorus and their ratios were quantified monthly along with golden alga abundance and ichthyotoxicity between December 2010 and July 2011. Blooms persisted for several months at the impacted sites, which were characterized by high organic nitrogen and low inorganic nitrogen. At impacted sites, abundance was positively associated with inorganic phosphorus and bloom termination coincided with increases in inorganic nitrogen and decreases in inorganic phosphorus in late spring. Management of both inorganic and organic forms of nutrients may create conditions in reservoirs unfavorable to golden alga.     

A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary

Estuarine ecosystems are largely influenced by watersheds directly connected to them. In the Mobile Bay, Alabama watersheds we examined the effect of land cover and land use (LCLU) changes on discharge rate, water properties, and submerged aquatic vegetation, including freshwater macrophytes and seagrasses, throughout the estuary. LCLU scenarios from 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030 were used to influence watershed and hydrodynamic models and evaluate the impact of LCLU change on shallow aquatic ecosystems. Overall, our modeling results found that LCLU changes increased freshwater flows into Mobile Bay altering temperature, salinity, and total suspended sediments (TSS). Increased urban land uses coupled with decreased agricultural/pasture lands reduced TSS in the water column. However, increased urbanization or agricultural/pasture land coupled with decreased forest land resulted in higher TSS concentrations. Higher sediment loads were usually strongly correlated with higher TSS levels, except in areas where a large extent of wetlands retained sediment discharged during rainfall events. The modeling results indicated improved water clarity in the shallow aquatic regions of Mississippi Sound and degraded water clarity in the Wolf Bay estuary. This integrated modeling approach will provide new knowledge and tools for coastal resource managers to manage shallow aquatic habitats that provide critical ecosystem services.     

Differential blood counting in fish as a non-destructive biomarker of water contamination exposure

Differential white blood cell counting was performed on blood from the fish species Oreochromis niloticus and was used as an in situ indicator of the species’ exposure to contamination. Ten young fish were collected in an area influenced by the discharge of effluents and from a fish farm (control group). The fish were anesthetized and caudal puncture was used to collect the blood. Differential white blood cell counting was performed, as well as the counting of total leukocytes and thrombocytes (in 2000 cells). Physicochemical parameters of the water from both sites were analyzed. The water from the polluted area was found to have high conductivity and low levels of dissolved oxygen, factors that indicate poor environmental quality. Fish collected from the polluted site presented higher percentages of eosinophils and monocytes and fewer thrombocytes because of exposure to pollution and hypoxic conditions. The differential white blood cell count represents a suitable biomarker of environmental health and provides a tool for biomonitoring water quality.     

宁南山区人工林草对土壤真菌群落的影响

以宁南山区天然草地（长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin））为参照,选取2种典型人工恢复植被：人工草地（苜蓿（Medicago sativa））和人工林地（柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom））的表层土壤（0-20cm）为研究对象,利用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌的多样性、物种组成及其相对丰度变化特征,并采用冗余分析（RDA）的方法研究环境因子对不同植被土壤真菌群落的影响.结果表明：3种植被样地土壤样品共测得真菌27个门,44个纲,70个目,91个科.其中,优势菌门有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,丰度分别为71.8%和15.2%;优势菌纲主要有：粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）和盘菌纲（Pezizomycetes）;优势菌属有：赤霉菌属（Gibberella）、肾形虫属（Colpoda）、水球壳属（Hydropisphaera）、叶生壳属（Floricola）、管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）和Marcelleina.土壤真菌丰富度和多样性在苜蓿地最大,柠条地最小.球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）在天然草地的丰度最高,为4.8%;子囊菌门丰度在苜蓿地里最大,达82.6%,在柠条地最低,为56.8%;担子菌门和分类不明确门（Unclassified）在柠条土壤中丰度最大,分别为：25.3%和7.9%,在苜蓿地中最低,分别为：7.1%和0.8%.盘菌纲在天然草地中的丰度最高,为17.8%,且显著高于柠条地.伞菌纲在（Agaricomycetes）柠条地中的丰度明显高于苜蓿地.Heatmap热图分析表明,尽管苜蓿地中土壤真菌群落与天然草地的相似度更高,但是天然草地中AM真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi）的相对丰度最大,种植苜蓿使土壤致病菌属的相对丰度增加,柠条地的肾形虫属相对丰度最高.人工林草对土壤真菌的群落组成和多样性有较明显的影响.土壤水分（SW）、有机碳（TOC）和全氮（TN）是影响宁南山区林草地土壤真菌群落的主要理化因子.