氟中毒地区饮水水质标准的确定方法

在对饮水致病的水化学机理进行简要讨论后,提出使用以所有水溶组分活度为变量的多元逐步判别分析法作为饮水水质标准的确定方法。经对一个地区的实例研究发现,总氟含量用于判别水质时存在无效判别区间问题,这一发现提示我们有必要重新考虑现行水质标准中总氟浓度只有一个标准值的适宜性问题。     

铬渣中六价铬水浸动力学研究

采用连续反应器,考察了铬渣水浸工艺参数,研究了铬渣中Cr(VI)的水浸动力学。结果表明,铬渣水浸过程速率为通过固膜的扩散所控制,通过对整个过程分阶段分别进行拟合,建立了Cr(VI)水浸过程的动力学模型,后阶段反应模型在α=0.05上显著,两个反应阶段表观活化能分别为18 kJ/mol和10.25 kJ/mol。     

均相/非均相体系中亚硫酸钙非催化氧化过程

将空气鼓入一个装有亚硫酸钙溶液 浆液且混合良好的鼓泡搅拌反应器中,反应器是有效容积为1000mL的五口烧瓶,空气连续鼓入反应器中实现亚硫酸钙的强制氧化.实验结果表明,对于亚硫酸钙的非催化氧化过程,均相体系与非均相体系之间既紧密联系,又具有不同的反应特征.均相体系中仅存在气 液传质和氧化反应过程,而非均相体系远比均相体系复杂,同时存在溶解 氧化 结晶过程,该过程对非均相体系的氧化过程产生巨大影响.以上2种体系的主要差别表现为氧化速率相差2个数量级,非均相体系更有利于氧化过程的进行.     

大型污水输送系统的水力模拟模型

利用InfoWorks软件模拟了上海市污水治理二期工程的水力学特征。根据实际运行数据校正了阻力系数 ,并对模型进行了客观验证。结果表明 ,采用的水力模型可以很好地体现上海市污水治理二期工程污水输送系统的运行状况。采用自动水泵运行顺序可以获得比手动控制更稳定的水位。非满流存在于M2泵站前的某些管段中 ,为了提高大流量下整个系统的输送能力 ,SA和M2泵站之间的管线调储能力可充分利用。     

臭氧监测仪实验室校准及稳定性测试

以国内监测系统在用的臭氧校准仪为二级传递标准对臭氧监测仪开展了实验室校准,通过计算单次校准所得校准曲线的斜率和截距,符合中国相关标准中关于臭氧监测仪的校准指标:多点校准所得校准曲线的斜率为0.95~1.05,截距为-5~5 nmol/mol。进一步对2台臭氧监测仪进行了稳定性测试,12个月内臭氧监测仪的斜率变化为0.976 05~1.008 42,截距变化为-0.669 00~0.577 93 nmol/mol,臭氧监测仪的斜率、截距均符合臭氧监测仪校准指标的要求。稳定性测试表明,TF 49i型臭氧监测仪和EC 9810型臭氧监测仪经校准后均可用于实验室内臭氧标准传递比对工作。实验中臭氧监测仪更换臭氧涤除器、仪器零件后校准曲线的斜率均有明显变化,建议更换耗材后需采用高浓度臭氧对臭氧监测仪进行饱和并再次校准。     

基于风险的报警优先级量化设定方法研究

当前主流报警优先级设定方法操作性不佳,在进行装置报警系统优化时由于考虑维度少而无法较好优化报警系统优先级,针对该问题,建立了基于风险的报警优先级设定新方法。将标定的风险图法应用于报警优先级设定,假定某报警不存在,对出现危险情况的频率、后果严重度、可用时间、避免事故后果的可能性等进行标定,并对危险状况出现频率与可用时间进行矩阵分析,将结果运用于风险图中;针对某柴油加氢装置报警系统,应用该方法进行了报警优先级优化。结果表明:基于风险的报警优先级量化设定方法能够有效应用于优化装置报警优先级;经该方法优化的各级报警,数量分布更接近EEMUA的推荐值;对于“在所考虑的报警不存在时每年发生事故的次数”因素,研究给出3个不同的档次供企业选择,实践中,企业可结合自身可接受标准,作进一步完善。     

Impact of Length of Dataset on Streamflow Calibration Parameters and Performance of APEX Model

Due to resource constraints, long‐term monitoring data for calibration and validation of hydrologic and water quality models are rare. As a result, most models are calibrated and, if possible, validated using limited measured data. However, little research has been done to determine the impact of length of available calibration data on model parameterization and performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of length of calibration data (LCD) on parameterization and performance of the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender model for predicting daily, monthly, and annual streamflow. Long‐term (1984‐2015) measured daily streamflow data from Rock Creek watershed, an agricultural watershed in northern Ohio, were used for this study. Data were divided into five Short (5‐year), two Medium (15‐year), and one Long (25‐year) streamflow calibration data scenarios. All LCD scenarios were calibrated and validated at three time steps: daily, monthly, and annual. Results showed LCD affected the ability of the model to accurately capture temporal variability in simulated streamflow. However, overall average streamflow, water budgets, and crop yields were simulated reasonably well for all LCD scenarios.     

Effect Of Reagent (Dye) Addition In Wet Chemical Method Of Sulfur Dioxide Determination In Ambient Air

For measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in ambient air, the United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA) had recommended the PRA dye-based colorimetric method as a reference technique. The method has been developed and applied in many countries for a longtime; however information regarding the sensitivity of the method with respect to sampling and analysis conditions is not available. Collaborative studies conducted in some of the South East Asian countries indicated substantial variations (of the order of 50%) in the measured concentrations against the true values. It was observed that dye used for color development plays an important role and even a slight variation in the way the dye solution is prepared can cause substantial variation in the measured SO₂ concentration. Because a major objective of air quality measurements is to relate air pollution concentration to the effects of air pollution, it is important that the method used should yield accurate levels of the pollutant, so that appropriate management plans can be devised and implemented effectively. In the present investigation, therefore, the role of dye used in SO₂ monitoring method has been highlighted. Different makes of dyes prepared in different modes were used to study the variation in the measured SO₂ concentration levels. Specifications of all the dyes were also tested. Need for use of certified reference material (CRM) for SO₂ has also been emphasized.     

液-液微萃取气相色谱法测定小量水样中痕量硝基苯

使用 FID检测器和 DB-1大口径毛细柱不需要对有机相进行干燥处理。借助 1 0 ml容量瓶和自制的玻璃吸管 ,不必进行两相分离操作 ,萃取和取样操作均可在容量瓶中一次完成。利用有溶剂效应的柱温程序提高了柱效和检测灵敏度。 1 0 ml水样可获得 0 .5 μg/ L的检测下限。方法的精密度优于 4 % ,回收率大于 95 %。     

水合铝离子单体和二聚体的DFT研究

用DFT方法在B3LYP/6-31G·水平下,对水合铝离子的单体和二聚体形态进行计算.在单体[Al(H2O)6]3 ,[Al(OH)(H2O)5]2 ,[Al(OH)2(H2O)4] 和二聚体[Al2(OH)2(H2O)8]4 ,[Al2(OH)3(H2O)7]3 ,[Al2(OH)4(H2O)6]2 ,[Al2(OH)5(H2O)5] 及其异构体中, Al和羟基O之间的键长明显小于Al和H2O中O之间的键长.将H2O代以羟基后,六配位的Al-O八面体骨架发生了较大的畸变.在[Al2(OH)4(H2O)6]2 形态的不同几何异构体中,当2个羟基相互邻近时稳定性较低.羟铝比(OH/Al)增大将有更多的电子流向Al(Ⅲ),同时,单体和二聚体中H2O的氢原子所带正电荷均有所减小.二聚体的羟桥氢原子所带正电荷随OH/Al比的增大而减小.各形态的键强度呈现:Al-O(H2O)＜Al-O(OH)-Al＜Al-O(OH),即Al-Ow＜Al-Ob-h＜Al-Oh.对单体形态,随OH/Al比增大, Al-Ow和Al-Oh键强度均逐渐减小.二聚体形态OH/Al比增大, Al-Ow键强度减小,但Al-Ob-h键强度基本不变, Al-Oh则呈不规则变化.无论是单体还是二聚体,OH/Al比较大形态的HOMO能级与OH/Al比较小形态的LUMO能级相近或前者稍高,前者很容易向后者提供电子.聚合过程主要是在不同形态组分之间进行.