菏泽市冬季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的昼夜变化特征

为研究菏泽市冬季大气气溶胶中二元羧酸类化合物的昼夜变化特征与形成机制,于2017年冬季(12月)进行为期1个月的PM_(2.5)样品采集,并分析二元羧酸、酮羧酸、α-二羰基化合物及左旋葡聚糖等化学组分.结果表明,菏泽市冬季PM_(2.5)中白天二元羧酸与酮羧酸的总浓度均呈昼高夜低的变化特征,但α-二羰基化合物(二元羧酸的重要前体物)的变化特征却与之相反,表明白天气溶胶的氧化程度比夜晚强.无论在白天还是晚上,草酸(C_2)均是浓度最高的二元羧酸,其次是邻苯二甲酸(Ph)、丁二酸(C_4)和丙二酸(C_3),与其他城市地区的分子组成是相似的.由C_3/C_4的比值与温度(T)间的相关性分析可知,菏泽市冬季有机化合物主要受本地源的影响,而受远源输入的影响很小. C_2与SO_4~(2-)、气溶胶实际酸度(pHIS)的相关性分析表明,C_2主要是在液相中经酸催化的二次氧化反应形成的.因为主要的二元羧酸类化合物(C_2、Gly和mGly)与左旋葡聚糖(Levo)的相关性很强,且K~+/OC的平均比值为0. 06(范围为0. 03～0. 13),所以可以得出二元羧酸类化合物及K~+主要受生物质燃烧的影响.     

Evaluating the Applicability of a Two‐dimensional Flow Model of a Highly Heterogeneous Domain to Flow and Environmental Management

Two‐dimensional simulation of highly heterogeneous domains, especially those with disparate length scales, roughness conditions, and geometries, often leads to challenges such as long computation times and numerical instability. Simulation of challenging domains is often needed to guide flood management and environmental regulation agencies in operation and potential domain modifications. This work evaluates the ability of a two‐dimensional unsteady hydrodynamic model to represent long‐duration transient flows over a domain with highly heterogeneous roughness, geometric characteristics, and length scales through bed roughness representation. The domain includes 13 km of Cache Creek and the 14.5 km² Cache Creek Settling Basin, which traps both sediment and mercury. Calibration under different bed roughness methods, validation, and modeling results of bathymetric modification scenarios are presented. The modeling approach's performance supports its application as a tool for management of similar domains, such as settling basins, leveed floodplains, and reservoirs. Accurate representation of flow dynamics can also inform environmental management that involves transport of sediments, nutrients, and heavy metals. This study found that a two‐dimensional unsteady flow model can accurately represent long‐duration transient flow in a large settling basin with highly heterogeneous characteristics without parsing of the domain or flow events simulated.     

基于SAE-ARP958环天线校准技术研究

目的介绍基于SAE-ARP958环天线校准技术,研究提高该校准精确性的方法,为精确监测电磁环境提供保障。方法研制一套基于SAE-ARP958环天线的校准装置,提出采用直径分别为30,10,4 cm的三个发射环天线作为磁场发生装置的校准方案,并利用对比测试的方法对校准方案进行优化。结果优化后的校准方案能够实现环天线的精确校准。结论基于SAE-ARP958环天线校准方法具有不受待校环尺寸限制的优点,而且精确性高,值得向具有较多不同尺寸的环天线用户推广。     

HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE LITTLE WASHITA RIVER EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED USING SWAT1

ABSTRACT: Precipitation and streamflow data from three nested subwatersheds within the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) in southwestern Oklahoma were used to evaluate the capabilities of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict streamflow under varying climatic conditions. Eight years of precipitation and streamflow data were used to calibrate parameters in the model, and 15 years of data were used for model validation. SWAT was calibrated on the smallest and largest sub‐watersheds for a wetter than average period of record. The model was then validated on a third subwatershed for a range in climatic conditions that included dry, average, and wet periods. Calibration of the model involved a multistep approach. A preliminary calibration was conducted to estimate model parameters so that measured versus simulated yearly and monthly runoff were in agreement for the respective calibration periods. Model parameters were then fine tuned based on a visual inspection of daily hydrographs and flow frequency curves. Calibration on a daily basis resulted in higher baseflows and lower peak runoff rates than were obtained in the preliminary calibration. Test results show that once the model was calibrated for wet climatic conditions, it did a good job in predicting streamflow responses over wet, average, and dry climatic conditions selected for model validation. Monthly coefficients of efficiencies were 0.65, 0.86, and 0.45 for the dry, average, and wet validation periods, respectively. Results of this investigation indicate that once calibrated, SWAT is capable of providing adequate simulations for hydrologic investigations related to the impact of climate variations on water resources of the LWREW.     

试论酸度计在pH测定中的定位问题

本文阐述了酸度计在测定ｐＨ时温度补偿的原理,分析了错误定位的原因,指出了正确的定位方法     

TUD模型在内蒙古地区某污水处理厂适用性研究

TUD模型应用于内蒙古呼和浩特市某污水处理厂运行实践模拟预测。首先利用TUD模型及其缺省参数进行初步模拟试预测,发现模拟预测出水COD、PO34-、SS与实际检测数据基本吻合,但对氮的预测略有偏差。采用标准参数校正方法,对模型中氮的个别组分参数（iNSF、iNXS）和硝化细菌半饱和动力学参数（KNH4）进行修正,即,i...     

负载量对氨水吸收CO2的影响规律及添加剂的作用研究

进行了氨法脱碳过程中吸收剂中CO2负载量对CO2脱除率影响的实验研究.结果发现,CO2脱除率随着负载量的增大而显著减小,高负载量(≥0.4)时,增加吸收液中总氨质量分数(吸收液中所有包含氨分子和铵离子的物质,并统一换算成NH3的质量分数)并不能有效地提高CO2的脱除率.同时,分别对有机和无机添加剂进行筛选,选取哌嗪(P...     

双水相气浮浮选光度法测定污水中痕量土霉素

提出了一种亲水有机溶剂(乙醇、正丙醇、四氢呋喃等)气浮浮选(双水相气浮浮选)分离/富集光度法测定污水中痕量土霉素(OTC)的新型绿色高效分析方法。利用自制的浮选装置,选择四氢呋喃作溶剂,氯化钠作分相剂,氢氧化钠溶液调节酸度,将N(iⅡ)与OTC形成的疏水性缔合物浮选至有机相,浮选完毕后经分光光度法分析,线性范围为1.1×10-7～9.7×10-5mol/L,线性回归方程为A=2.038×105C(mol/L)+0.005,相关系数为0.9996,检出限为7.36×10-8mol/L,回收率为99.8%～100.4%,表观摩尔吸光率ε=2.038×105L/mol·cm,适用于污水中痕量土霉素的分离/富集及分析测定。     

HYDROLOGIC MODELING AT THE WATERSHED SCALE USING NPSM1

ABSTRACT: The Nonpoint Source Model (NPSM) was chosen for nonpoint source pollutant modeling within three different watersheds. The first step in using NPSM, hydrologic calibration, is discussed here for three 8‐digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) from the White River Basin in Indiana (Driftwood HUC), the Albemarle‐Pamlico River Basin in Virginia and North Carolina (Contentnea HUC), and the Apalachicola‐Chattahoochee‐Flint River Basin in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida (Ichawaynochaway HUC). Model predicted flows were compared statistically with USGS gauge data at the HUC outflow points for an uncalibrated and calibrated model run for the period from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 1992, and a validation run for the period from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1995. Least squares regression of NPSM predicted flows versus USGS gauge data were 0.75, 0.44, and 0.69 for the calibration runs and 0.71, 0.69, and 0.64 for the validation runs in the Driftwood, Contentnea, and Ichawaynochaway HUCs, respectively. Nash Sutcliffe coefficient values were not as strong, ranging from ?0.66 to 0.45 for the calibration runs and 0.31 to 0.37 for the validation runs of the model. The Ichawaynochaway HUC proved the most difficult to calibrate indicating that the model may not be as useful in some geographic locations.     

Applications of Explicitly Incorporated/Post‐Processing Measurement Uncertainty in Watershed Modeling

In the field of watershed modeling, the impact of measurement uncertainty (MU) on calibration results indicates the potential issue of inaccurate model predictions. It is important to note that MU refers to the uncertainty in measured data such as flow and nutrient values that are used to evaluate model outputs. The calculation of error statistics assuming measured data are deterministic may not be appropriate as has been frequently stated in literature. Although MU can affect model calibration results, it is rarely incorporated in modeling practice. MU can be incorporated in two schemes: explicitly incorporated (MU‐EI) during model calibration and post‐processed (MU‐PP) after calibration is completed. In this study, both schemes are implemented in a case study of the Arroyo Colorado Watershed, Texas. Unexpectedly, no substantial differences were observed between each scheme for flow predictions. Although MU did not cause dramatic differences in most sediment and NH₄‐N predictions, error statistics were affected in cases with MU greater than 50%, especially for sediment and NH₄‐N. Therefore, it is concluded that MU may not exert a significant impact on model predictions until certain threshold is reached. This study demonstrates that high levels of uncertainty in measured calibration/validation data significantly affect parameter estimation, especially in the auto‐calibration process.