雾过程对北京市大气颗粒物理化特征的影响

为了解北京市雾中发生的气溶胶物理化学过程,分别在雾和非雾期间采集了大气颗粒物样品,并使用扫描电子显微镜和x-射线能谱仪分析了所采集的大气颗粒物的微观形貌、粒度分布和化学组成.晴天低污染期间采集的样品中单个颗粒物主要由一次排放的碳粒聚集体和球形飞灰组成;沙尘期间主要由矿物颗粒和碳粒聚集体组成;而在雾期间则出现了大量的由液相反应生成的长条状Ca-K-S颗粒以及主要由硫酸盐所组成的似圆状颗粒.本研究中,雾期间大气中0.2 μm以上颗粒物的数浓度较晴天低污染期间高5～8倍.此外,非雾期间大气颗粒物数浓度随着粒度的增加而降低,而雾期间则在0.4μm附近出现了新模态.结果表明,雾中活跃的大气非均相反应极大地改变了颗粒物的形貌、化学组成、粒度分布等特性.     

吸收协同高级氧化工艺处理低浓度含氰废气实验研究

以乙腈作为含氰废气的典型组分,考察吸收协同不同高级氧化体系下低浓度乙腈的去除效率以及产物分配情况.研究结果表明:UV/PS和VUV/PS体系均能有效吸收并降解乙腈,在60 min内其脱除效率近100%,且矿化率近80%或以上.主要原因是吸收液中的过硫酸盐(PS)可以在紫外光的激发下产生大量的HO~·和SO■,这些自由基可以促进乙腈和中间产物的氧化.同时实验还观察到乙腈中的氮元素主要被转化为NO^-₃和NH⁺₄,这说明乙腈的直接氧化和水解反应同时进行.NO^-₃的累积会竞争消耗反应体系中的自由基,这是其稳定性实验中乙腈矿化率下降的主要原因.此外,干扰离子Cl^-也会由于自由基的捕获作用抑制乙腈的降解.最后,根据产物的分析结果,提出了包含氧化与水解路径的乙腈总体降解反应途径.     

大气降尘中水溶性有机物组成与含量的研究

本文为了研究各个地区大气降尘中水溶性有机物的组成与含量,从离地表２０ 米处的电网绝缘子表面采集九个大气降尘样品,对其水溶性部分用有机溶剂进行有机物的分离萃取,求出有机物的含量,采用ＸＲＰＤ 进行物相鉴定,确定有机物的组成可分为有机酸、有机酸钾盐、有机碱·盐酸盐加合物,尿素与尿素·硝酸盐加合物等四类,并对其影响ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 的溶解度进行一系列实验,结果表明这四类有机物对ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 溶解度的提高均有显著影响,可提高４０ ％ － ６０ ％ ,与实际降尘样品中其溶解度平均提高５０ ％ 左右相一致。由于大气降尘中普遍存在来自土壤与燃煤飞灰所排放的ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ,研究有机物的组成与含量,这对了解局部地区环境酸化（ 湿沉降） 有其重要性。     

沙质滩涂吸附水中油的实验研究

通过实验研究了沙质滩涂对可溶性油吸附的基本规律以及吸附等温线关系,分析了沙质滩涂粒径、温度、pH和盐度与吸附量的关系.研究结果表明,各沙质滩涂体的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线分别符合对数型和直线型理想吸附,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的吸附平衡时间约为10 h;沙质滩涂对海水中可溶性油的吸附量随盐度增加和滩涂体粒度变细其吸附量越大,随温度和pH值的增大而减小.     

Integrating Modeling and Field Experiments to Evaluate Impacts of Vegetative Practices on Ponderosa Pine Watersheds1

Abstract: Determining watershed response to vegetation treatment has been the subject of numerous hydrologic studies over the years. However, generalizing the information obtained from traditional paired‐watershed studies to other watersheds in a region is problematic because of the empirical nature of such studies and the context dependence of hydrologic responses. This paper addresses the issue of generalizing hydrologic information through integration of process‐based modeling and field observations from small‐scale watershed experiments. To this end, the results from application of a process‐based model were compared with the results from small‐scale watershed experiments in ponderosa pine forests of Arizona. The model simulated treatment impacts reasonably well when compared to the traditional paired‐watershed approach. However, the model tended to overestimate water yields during periods of low flow, and there was a significant difference between the two approaches in the estimation of treatment impacts during the first four years following treatment. The results indicate that the lumped‐parameter modeling approach used here may be limited in its ability to detect small changes, and tends to overestimate changes that occur immediately following treatment. It is concluded that watershed experiments can be highly informative due to their direct examination of cause‐effect relationships, while process‐based models are useful for their processing power and focus on functional relationships. The integrated use of both watershed experiments and process‐based models provides a way to generalize hydrologic information, illuminate the processes behind landscape treatment effects, and to generate and test hypotheses.     

An alternative supercritical fluid extraction system for aqueous matrices and its application in pesticides residue analysis

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid‐phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low‐cost home‐made system that did not require the use of organic solvents.     

Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling1

Wan Jaafar, Wan Zurina, and Dawei Han, 2012. Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 698‐706. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00648.x Abstract: There are two unsolved problems in flood regionalization model development related to the quantity and quality of calibration catchments: (1) how many calibration catchments should be used? and (2) how to select the calibration catchments? This study explores these two questions through a case study on the median annual maximum flood (QMED) model in the United Kingdom. It has been found that the chance of developing a good QMED model decreases significantly when the number of calibration catchments drops below a critical number (e.g., 60 in the case study). However, no significant improvement is achieved if the number of calibration catchments is above it. This number could be used as a benchmark for choosing randomly selected calibration catchments. Across a broad range of calibration catchment numbers, there are good and poor calibrated models regardless of calibration catchment numbers. High quality models could be developed from a small number of calibration catchments and also poor models from a large number of calibration catchments. This indicates that the number of calibration catchments may not be the dominating factor for developing a high quality regionalization model. Instead, the information content could be more important. The study has demonstrated that the standard deviation values between the best and poorest groups are distinctive and could be used in choosing appropriate calibration catchments.     

对脉冲电流探头的时域标定方法的探讨

根据Rogowski线圈原理自制自积分式脉冲电流探头,研究了脉冲电流探头时域标定的方法,验证了线圈工作于自积分状态,并最终得出标定系数。     

海工装备系泊缆索拉力监测技术与装置研究

目的 研究缆索拉力的实时监测技术和装置,以保障海工装备的系泊安全。方法 以导向滑轮的主承力构件滑轮轴为研究对象,在保证结构强度的前提下,对滑轮轴结构进行改造,研制缆索拉力监测新结构新装置,将求解大径长比滑轮轴剪力问题转化为测量局部特征点的单向变形,并通过实尺度试验得到标定系数,间接推算缆索拉力,将试验数据与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证监测方法的可行性和精确度。结果 经过仿真分析与试验标定表明,滑轮轴特征点的变形与缆索拉力之间存在线性关系,以缆索拉力280 kN为界,可分段线性拟合缆索拉力标定系数,测点1系数为0.312 4和0.137 6,测点2系数为0.2699和0.098 2。结论 本文研究的监测技术和装置能够较为准确地监测海工装备系泊缆索的实时拉力,兼具高可靠性、低成本、易实施的特点。     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.