环境监测部门标准变更和仪器校准后的确认方法

探讨了监测方法标准、污染物排放标准和环境质量标准变更后的确认方法及仪器设备校准后确认的要求及方法,分析了标准变更后和仪器校准后确认工作对环境监测质量控制的重要性。     

Adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by active red mud

Red mud is the waste of alumina industry and has high TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 content which are active components for the adsorption of anion pollutants.In this study,the uptake of phosphate by red mud activated by heat treatment and acid-heat treatment was investigated. The factors influencing the adsorption were also investigated.The result showed that the red mud sample treated using acid-heat method at 80℃with 0.25 mol/L HC1 for 2 h achieved the highest phosphate removal.For the heat-activated red mud,the sample heated at 700℃for 2 h preformed better than the other heat treatment.Phosphate removal by the activated red mud was significantly pH dependent,and pH 7 was the optimal pH for phosphate removal.The adsorption fits Langmuir isotherm model well and the maximum adsorption capacities of the acid-heat activated red mud and the heat activated samples were 202.9 mgP/g and 155.2 mgP/g,respectively.     

沙土对可溶性油的吸附作用及其影响因素研究

在对滨海沙滩(胶州湾)沙土-水系统石油污染调查的基础上,选择代表性的沙滩进行取样,系统测定不同沙土对可溶性油的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并分析了含沙量、粒径、温度、pH和盐度对吸附作用的影响.结果表明,不同沙土的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线分别符合对数型和直线型理想吸附,沙土对可溶性油的吸附平衡时间约为6～10h;沙土对海水中可溶性油的吸附量随含沙量增大、温度升高、pH值的增大而减小,随盐度增加、沙土粒度变细其吸附量越大.另外,通过试验还发现,当水相中可溶性油低于一定浓度时,不但不产生吸附,反而使沙土中的残留油分解吸出来.     

水溶性有机物对菲的表观溶解度和正辛醇/水分配系数的影响

以农业上常用有机物料绿肥、猪粪和污泥作为水溶性有机物(DOM)的提取材料,以菲(Phe)作为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表,通过摇瓶法研究了不同来源的DOM对菲在水中的表观溶解度和正辛醇/水分配系数的影响.结果表明,菲在超纯水中的溶解近似一级反应动力学过程.超纯水体系中添加了DOM后,菲溶解的平衡时间相对滞后,但却明显增加了菲的表观溶解度.当DOM浓度为150 mg·L-1(以DOC计)时,在含Tween-80、猪粪DOM、污泥DOM和绿肥DOM的体系中菲的表观溶解度分别是纯水体系的20.39、2.082、1.838和1.549倍.菲的表观溶解度随着外加DOM浓度的增加而增大,它们之间存在着明显的线性关系.回归直线的斜率可以用来表征DOM对菲的增溶效果,本试验4种体系中DOM的增溶效果大小依次为表面活性剂Tween-80＞猪粪DOM＞污泥DOM＞绿肥DOM.同时,DOM可降低菲的正辛醇/水溶液分配系数,各体系中logKow值的高低顺序与增溶效果的顺序恰好相反.研究结果显示,DOM的存在可明显地改变PAHs在水相中的溶解度和正辛醇/水溶液分配系数.     

Calibrating a model to 30 years of data to capture the accumulation of chloride from winter deicers in a shallow aquifer

Winter deicers are a major source of chloride contamination to shallow aquifers in northern latitudes. In the greater Chicago area of northeast Illinois, chloride has been accumulating for decades and in many places now exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard of 250 mg/L. MODFLOW-NWT and MT3D-USGS were used to simulate the accumulation of chloride with 30 years of data in the shallow aquifer of Will County in northeast Illinois. This aquifer is composed of unconsolidated sediments, largely from glacial deposits, overlying a fractured dolomite bedrock. To calibrate to observed heads and chloride, the model needed refined geologic features, higher chloride concentrations on cells representing commercial or industrial lands, lower chloride concentrations on cells representing roads, and point source areas to speed chloride's emergence in the aquifer. These point sources are locally significant and could represent different anthropogenic or geologic features, such as municipal stormwater infrastructure. Future simulations indicate that chloride is not at steady state in the shallow aquifer and wells are at risk of exceeding the secondary standard if winter deicing applications are not reduced. It may take decades for the full impacts of reduced deicing rates to be observed in wells, owing to the long residence time of water in the aquifer. This transient model calibration was possible because of the 30-year dataset collected by communities and government agencies.     

Study on aqueous two-phase systems of the mixture SDS/CTAB surfactants

The phenomenon of two dilute aqueous phases composed of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) was investigated under various conditions such as concentrations and molar ratios of the two surfactants, the addition of sodium chloride and temperature. Vesicles formation was found in the both phases by TEM image.     

污水处理厂计算机仿真模拟研究

将上海市某城市污水处理厂的生产运行数据进行了计算机模拟,并将模拟结果中的COD及TSS、TN、NH3-N等组分的浓度与实测数据进行了比较。通过对模型参数进行修正和调整,仅改变ASM1数学模型中的4个参数,即取得了较好的预测效果。同时对城市污水处理厂进一步运用数学模型的可行性进行了讨论。     

基于视觉测量的尾矿库干滩长度监测

干滩长度是尾矿库安全运行的一个重要指标，长期以来干滩长度的测量没有一个准确可靠的方法。根据尾矿库的特征设计了基于摄影测量技术的干滩长度测量方法，并通过实验和现场实际测量验证了该方法的可行性。该方法具有实施方便、测量误差小的特点，为尾矿库干滩长度的测量提供了切实可行的方法，具有广泛的应用价值。     

新型CO2和CH4混合标气标校流程及方法

基于光腔衰荡法Picarro G-1301型甚高分辨率分析仪自组装新型CO2和CH4混合标气标校系统,研究建立了简便高效的标校流程和方法.该系统操作简便,运行稳定,工作标气消耗更少,线性好,对环境大气浓度范围的CO2和CH4的分析精度分别优于0.06×10-6 mol·mol-1和0.3×10-9mol·mol-1,准...     

三维荧光二阶校正法快速测定环境水体和淤泥样中麦穗宁残留量

将激发发射荧光光谱与化学计量学基于交替三线性分解（ATLD）算法的二阶校正方法相结合,实现了自来水、湘江水、池塘水、雨水和淤泥5种实际复杂体系中麦穗宁含量的直接快速定量测定.当选取组分数为2时,用ATLD算法分辨获得的平均回收率分别为（100.5±1.3）%、（93.8±1.1）%、（95.0±2.1）%、（98.2±...