在役GIS内置特高频传感器校验方法研究

运行中的GIS内置传感器因其不易拆装,很难对其可靠性及有效性进行校验。根据GIS的结构特点以及特高频信号在GIS内的传输特点,提出一种对内置式特高频传感器的有效性进行校验的方法。通过在相邻传感器注入特高频信号并对信号幅值进行检测,通过检测及计算结果来判断特高频传感器的有效性,经现场验证,该方法简单有效。     

SO42-改性TiO2催化降解茜素红水溶液

基于SO42-对TiO2超强酸化改性制备了SO42-/TiO2催化剂,以茜素红为目标物试验研究了该催化剂的催化降解性能,并考察了降解条件等因素对脱色率的影响.结果表明,SO42-/TiO2具有较强催化降解性能及一定的光催化活性,降解过程中SO42-流失是催化剂失活的主要原因.在pH=7,催化剂加入量为2.5g/L,起始浓度为140mg/L,太阳光等优化工艺条件下降解效果最好,脱色率达到92%.     

取代氮杂环类有机物水溶解度的估算与测定

本文采用一种修正的分子连接性指数研究了氮杂环类化合物水溶解度的定量结构性性质关系，这种修正的分子连接性指数是由原子半么取代原子的点价计算得来。逐步多元统计回归表明氮杂环的水溶解度和２阶及５阶原子半么分子连接性指数呈良好的相关性。     

MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR CONJUNCTIVE USE STUDY OF THE SAN JACINTO BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: A two-layered confined-unconfined numerical model for flow and mass transport is developed for the San Jacinto Basin. The model structure is determined by the geological structure of the Basin and model parameters are calibrated using 20 years of historical records. The total number of historical head observations used for the flow model calibration is 1,117 and the total number of the estimated parameters is 91. The two-layered transport model is also calibrated using historical water quality records. Sensitivity analysis of the flow model shows that only 68 parameters (out of a total of 91) are relatively sensitive and reliable. However, the unreliable parameters (23 of them) are found to be insensitive and thus not significant to the prediction and management of conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. The developed flow model has been used to study the two proposed artificial recharge scenarios for the San Jacinto Basin. We have found that during a relatively dry condition, an artificial recharge rate of 80 acre-ft/day can be achieved during the recharge period October through January. However, for a relatively wet condition, only 80 percent of the proposed rate can be effectively stored in the Basin during these months.     

LINEAR PROGRAMS FOR NONLINEAR HYDROLOGIC ESTIMATION1

ABSTRACT: The minimization of the sum of absolute deviations and the minimization of the absolute maximum deviation (mini-max) were transformed into equivalent linear programs for the estimation of parameters in a transient and linear hydrologic system. It is demonstrated that these two methods yield viable parameter estimates that are globally optimal and reproduce properly the timing and magnitude of hydrologic events and associated variables such as total runoff. The two linear estimation methods compared favorably with the popular least-squares nonlinear estimation method. The generality of the theoretical developments shows that linear program equivalents are adequate competitors of nonlinear methods of hydrologic estimation and parameter calibration.     

Spatial Calibration and Temporal Validation of Flow for Regional Scale Hydrologic Modeling1

Abstract: Physically based regional scale hydrologic modeling is gaining importance for planning and management of water resources. Calibration and validation of such regional scale model is necessary before applying it for scenario assessment. However, in most regional scale hydrologic modeling, flow validation is performed at the river basin outlet without accounting for spatial variations in hydrological parameters within the subunits. In this study, we calibrated the model to capture the spatial variations in runoff at subwatershed level to assure local water balance, and validated the streamflow at key gaging stations along the river to assure temporal variability. Ohio and Arkansas‐White‐Red River Basins of the United States were modeled using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the period from 1961 to 1990. R² values of average annual runoff at subwatersheds were 0.78 and 0.99 for the Ohio and Arkansas Basins. Observed and simulated annual and monthly streamflow from 1961 to 1990 is used for temporal validation at the gages. R² values estimated were greater than 0.6. In summary, spatially distributed calibration at subwatersheds and temporal validation at the stream gages accounted for the spatial and temporal hydrological patterns reasonably well in the two river basins. This study highlights the importance of spatially distributed calibration and validation in large river basins.     

A groundwater flow model for water resources management in the Ismarida plain,North Greece

This paper presents the development of a regional flow simulation model of the stream–aquifer system of Ismarida plain, northeastern Greece. It quantifies the water budget for this aquifer system and describes the components of groundwater and the characteristics of this system on the basis of results of a 3-year field study. The semiconfined aquifer system of Ismarida Lake plain consists of unconsolidated deltaic clastic sediments, is hydraulically connected with Vosvozis River, and covers an area of 46.75 km². The annual precipitation ranges in the study area from 270 to 876 mm. Eighty-seven irrigation wells are densely located and have been widely used for agricultural development. Groundwater flow in this aquifer was simulated with MODFLOW. Model calibration was done with observed water levels, and match was excellent. To evaluate the impacts of the current pumping schedule and propose solutions, four management scenarios were formulated and tested with the model. Based on model results, the simulated groundwater budget indicates that there must be approximately 33% decrease of withdrawals to stop the dramatic decline of groundwater levels. The application of these scenarios shows that aquifer discharge to the nearby river would be very low after a 20-year period.     

复配表面活性剂水溶液处理甲苯气体的研究

以非离子表面活性剂吐温-20(Tween-20)为主表面活性剂,添加助表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)以及助剂氯化钠,形成复配水溶液吸收剂处理VOCs废气.以甲苯为VOCs的典型代表,研究了Tween-20,Tween-20/SDBS和Tween-20/SDBS/氯化钠3种水溶液吸收剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)及其对甲苯去除率的影响.结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度达到CMC时,水溶液对甲苯的吸收效果开始明显增强,加入助表面活性剂SDBS和助剂氯化钠有利于甲苯的去除,同时可降低溶液的CMC,减少表面活性剂的用量,降低水溶液吸收法处理VOCs成本.当空气流量G为300mL/min、液体喷淋量L为75mL/min、进口甲苯浓度800mg/m3、温度T为30℃时,分别以Tween-20、Tween-20/SDBS(摩尔比1/4)和Tween-20/SDBS/氯化钠(摩尔比1/4/0.1)的水溶液为吸收剂,且浓度均为1CMC时,甲苯去除率分别为56%、70%和77%,三元复配表面活性剂水溶液的吸收效果最佳.     

Adaptation of RUSLE in the Eastern Part of the Mediterranean Region

Empirically based models are used worldwide to estimate soil erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is one such model that has been intensively tested and validated under conditions in the United States. RUSLE estimates average soil loss as a function of five main factors: rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), crop management (C), support practice (P), and topographic (LS) factors. This study investigated the application of RUSLE to Mediterranean conditions. The validation and calibration of RUSLE in the study area utilized field plots soil erosion measurements. The results found the RUSLE soil loss estimation to be three times the actual soil loss (7.8 and 2.6 Mg/ha, for RUSLE and actual measured soil loss, respectively). The difference between the RUSLE factors and the measured factors were responsible for the differences between the soil loss estimation by RUSLE and the measured soil loss. Specifically, the RUSLE K-factor showed three times the magnitude of the measured K-factor, the RUSLE C-factor underestimated the measured C-factor, and the RUSLE P-factor overestimated the measured P-factor by three times. Adjusting the RUSLE factors according to the measured ones increased the models predictability, whereas the adjusted-RUSLE soil loss estimation underestimated the measured soil loss by 14%. The adjustment of RUSLE, according to the prevailing conditions of the study area, increased the model efficiency three times (0.26 and 0.86 before and after adjustment of the mode,l respectively). For more accurate and reliable validation of the RUSLE under the Mediterranean conditions, it is advisable to conduct long-term soil loss experimentation and measurements.     

Automatic Calibration of Hydrologic Models With Multi‐Objective Evolutionary Algorithm and Pareto Optimization1

Abstract: In optimization problems with at least two conflicting objectives, a set of solutions rather than a unique one exists because of the trade‐offs between these objectives. A Pareto optimal solution set is achieved when a solution cannot be improved upon without degrading at least one of its objective criteria. This study investigated the application of multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and Pareto ordering optimization in the automatic calibration of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a process‐based, semi‐distributed, and continuous hydrologic model. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II), a fast and recent MOEA, and SWAT were called in FORTRAN from a parallel genetic algorithm library (PGAPACK) to determine the Pareto optimal set. A total of 139 parameter values were simultaneously and explicitly optimized in the calibration. The calibrated SWAT model simulated well the daily streamflow of the Calapooia watershed for a 3‐year period. The daily Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.86 at calibration and 0.81 at validation. Automatic multi‐objective calibration of a complex watershed model was successfully implemented using Pareto ordering and MOEA. Future studies include simultaneous automatic calibration of water quality and quantity parameters and the application of Pareto optimization in decision and policy‐making problems related to conflicting objectives of economics and environmental quality.