Evaluation of the Fertilization Capability of Paracentrotus Lividus Sea Urchin Storaged Gametes by the Exposure to Different Aqueous Matrices

Several experiments were performed to evaluate the fertilization capability of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin gametes, which are usually used in fertilization tests, but which, until now, were employed only for few hours after spawning.The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of performing the bioassay for longer periods, employing ‘conserved' gametes. As far as the method, the sperm was stored ‘dry' at 4 ^∘C; eggs were conserved in an antibiotic solution at 4 ^∘C, and they were exposed both to copper solutions as reference toxicant and to aqueous matrices.The use of conserved gametes in the fertilization bioassay lead to EC50 values which were acceptable for about 3 days. Moreover, these experiments permitted to identify the limiting factor: the male gamete.     

Calibration and Validation of Far Field Dilution Models for Outfall at Worli, Mumbai

The city of Mumbai, India with a population of 15 million discharges about 2225 MLD of domestic wastewater after partial treatment to adjoining marine water body. Under the Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project Scheme, sewage is being disposed to the west coast at Worli and Bandra through 3.4 kms long submarine outfalls. A field study was conducted at recently commissioned outfall diffuser location at Worli, at the onset of neap flood tide to study the dispersion patterns and measure the far field dilutions using radio and dye tracers. Estimated dilutions using different tracers were compared with outputs from an empirical model (Brooks) and a 2D numerical model (DIVAST). Validation using parameters such as BOD and FC, indicated a good match for BOD in near field compared to FC. The radiotracer ⁸²Br and Rhodamine WT generally gave good correlation with Brooks' and DIVAST models for nearfield, however at further distances predictions were not accurate.     

Standardisation of Temperature Observed by Automatic Weather Stations

Daily mean, maximum and minimum surface airtemperature data were gathered from a network ofautomatic weather stations (AWS) within the Moor HouseNational Nature Reserve in northern England. Five AWSwere installed next to the official EnvironmentalChange Network weather station at Moor House. Datawere compared graphically and correction constantswere calculated to adjust data from each AWS to thestandard of the official station by optimising theconcordance correlation coefficient. Each correctedstation was re-located next to one of five in-situstations in and around the reserve, allowingcorrection of all temperature sensors to a commonstandard. The mean error associated with measureddaily mean, maximum and minimum temperature for eachsensor does not exceed ±0.2 K. The procedurequantifies a source of systematic measurement error,improving the identification of spatial temperaturedifferences between stations.     

参数空间分布对非点源污染模拟的影响

以大宁河流域为研究区域,应用非点源模型SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）,模拟了参数空间分布对流域径流和营养物质流失的影响.利用大宁河流域巫溪水文站2000～2004年的实测数据对模型进行了率定和验证,将流域划分为6种数量不等的子流域,利用相同的模型参数输入,模拟了不同的流域划分方案对径流和营养物质流失的影响.结果表明,不同的流域划分方案,年平均流量的最大相对误差为19.6%,6种方案年平均流量的效率系数为0.52～0.82,月平均流量的效率系数为0.80～0.83,随着子流域数量的增加,径流量出现了先下降、后上升的趋势;有机氮和有机磷的最大相对误差分别为16.2%和7.7%,不同的流域划分方案对营养物质的流失产生了轻微的影响,但没有明显的变化趋势和规律.     

速度场系数在烟气流速测定中的应用与研究

烟气流速测定是气态污染源排放总量监测的重要内容,关键问题是如何将连续监测系统的固定点烟气流速转化为监测断面的平均烟气流速。通过用参比方法对连续监测系统流速测定值进行校准,求出该监测断面的速度场系数。通过对两套连续监测系统的校准全过程的研究,证明速度场系数为一基本稳定值,经一段时间复验后其变化仍在容许范围之内,可用其对连续监测系统进行流速校准。      

甲基丙烯基醛和甲基乙烯基酮水相臭氧化反应

利用实验室模拟的方法研究了甲基丙烯基醛(MAC)和甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)在大气水相中的臭氧化反应,测定了250℃±0.1℃温度和1.0×10⁵Pa空气压力条件下生成过氧化物和二次羰基物的种类和产率.结果表明,MAC水相臭氧化生成2种羰基物(甲醛和丙酮醛)和2种过氧化物,即过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH₂OOH ,HMHP) ,它们的产率(%)分别为49.9±2.9、26.6±3.9、4.6±0.4和10.0±0.8;同MAC类似,MVK水相臭氧化也生成甲醛、丙酮醛、H₂O₂和HMHP ,它们的产率(%)分别为40.8±2.2、40.7±35、6.8±0.5和10.4±0.8.对MAC和MVK水相臭氧化反应机理进行了推测,解释了各产物的生成.     

Challenges to quantitative applications of Landsat observations for the urban thermal environment

Since the launch of its first satellite in 1972, the Landsat program has operated continuously for more than forty years. A large data archive collected by the Landsat program sig-nificantly benefits both the academic community and society. Thermal imagery from Landsat sensors, provided with relatively high spatial resolution, is suitable for monitoring urban thermal environment. Growing use of Landsat data in monitoring urban thermal environment is demonstrated by increasing publications on this subject, especially over the last decade. Urban thermal environment is usually delineated by land surface temperature (LST). However, the quantitative and accurate estimation of LST from Landsat data is still a challenge, especially for urban areas. This paper will discuss the main challenges for urban LST retrieval, including urban surface emissivity, atmospheric correction, radiometric calibration, and validation. In addition, we will discuss general challenges confronting the continuity of quantitative applications of Landsat observations. These challenges arise mainly from the scan line corrector failure of the Landsat 7 ETM + and channel differences among sensors. Based on these investigations, the concerns are to: (1) show general users the limitation and possible uncertainty of the retrieved urban LST from the single thermal channel of Landsat sensors; (2) emphasize efforts which should be done for the quantitative applications of Landsat data; and (3) understand the potential challenges for the continuity of Landsat observation (i.e., thermal infrared) for global change monitoring, while several climate data record programs being in progress.     

EXCEL数据处理软件在环境试验设备温度校准中的应用

人工模拟环境试验中气候环境试验的条件是否真实,主要取决于环境试验设备技术性能指标,主要包括温度偏差、温度均匀度、温度波动度.由于测试点较多,在数据处理及结果不确定度评定上工作量较大,因此使用EXCEL数据处理软件进行计算,一方面保证了数据准确可靠,另一方面提高了工作效率.     

化学分析方法校准曲线有关问题的探讨

校准曲线的线性范围为测定下限与测定上限之间的浓度范围,测定上限应尽可能扩大,但要保证校准曲线呈线性,同时,最高点分析后不会对分析系统造成污染物残留。通常应根据分析方法原理、仪器的特点和样品基质情况来确定校准方式。对于线性校准曲线,除了相关系数外,还要根据不同情况,对校准曲线进行检验。校准曲线的合格判定,除考虑相关系数外,还需要用校准曲线重新计算校准点,对于线性校准,所有校准点计算结果拟合值与实际值的相对误差应在±30%以内,对于非线性二阶校准曲线,应进行最大值与最小值检验。     

基于PEG/DEX双水相体系的餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)/葡聚糖(DEX)双水相体系分离餐厨垃圾发酵产物乳酸,分析了聚合物浓度和分子量的影响,以及餐厨垃圾多批次连续发酵时乳酸产率。实验结果表明,PEG/DEX双水相体系对乳酸菌生长影响不大,PEG和DEX浓度变化对乳酸产率、相体积比无显著影响;当DEX分子量由20 000升至40 000,乳酸生成速率由0.631 g/(L.h)降至0.518 g/(L.h),乳酸浓度由33 g/L降至22 g/L。多批次餐厨垃圾连续发酵可极大缩短发酵时间,在不投加缓冲剂的情况下,单批次乳酸产率仍大于0.30 g/g,累积产率大于0.45 g/g。