A Statistical Assessment of Changes in Precipitation Chemistry at CAPMoN Sites, Canada

The objective of this study is to decide if chemical concentrations measured during 1988-1997in precipitation by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) indicate changes in the annual patterns. The inference is based on SO₄, NO₃, Cl,NH₄, Na, Ca and K concentrations monitored daily with the rain water acidity pH. By pattern is understood the probability distribution of the annual sample at a particular location. Most of the annual data can be well described by means of a linear regression model with second order polynomial trend and autocorrelated noise. Statistical analysis based on the model shows luck of systematic significant year to year increases or declines of the concentrations.     

燃煤电厂石膏雨污染排放实测

对上海市8台燃煤机组开展了石膏雨和相关污染物排放监测,考察部分燃煤电厂石膏雨排放对周边居民生活和电厂生产造成的影响。结果表明,采用GGH并加热到一定温度,同时对除雾器进行优化的机组烟尘和可凝结颗粒物浓度均较低,石膏雨沉降和液滴均未检出,无冷凝回流液;虽然装有湿式电除尘器和GGH的机组石膏雨沉降未检出,但液滴浓度较高;仅装有湿式电除尘器的2台机组中1台检出石膏雨沉降;对照机组石膏雨沉降和液滴浓度均较高。建议电厂提升排烟温度,同时采取措施消除烟气中石膏夹带,彻底消除石膏雨,在标准制定时应充分考虑目前燃煤电厂多种污染物排放情况及其对环境的影响,尤其是石膏雨和可凝结颗粒物,制定相应的监测方法和评价体系,将其纳入火电厂排放标准中。     

PM2.5中重金属形态分布及其在模拟酸雨中的释放

对西安市夏季PM_2.5中6种重金属元素的化学形态进行分析,并研究了模拟酸雨淋溶条件下PM_2.5中6种元素的释放过程。结果表明,近80%的Cr和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物、硫化物结合态和残渣态中,Cd在大气环境中的化学性质很活泼,具有很强的毒害性,Pb、As、和Hg 3种元素主要以碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态存在于环境中;PM_2.5中6种元素均有不同程度的释放,Cd释放率高于其他元素,Fe释放率最低,pH降低有利于颗粒物中重金属元素的释放。     

上海近期酸雨变化特征及其化学组分分析

依据上海1983─2004年的酸雨监测资料,对该地区酸雨的变化特征、离子化学组成进行了分析.结果表明:上海降水酸度呈波动性变化,特别是1997─2004年酸雨污染趋势加剧.对降水中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型和硝酸型.灰色关联度分析表明:降水pH与降水中碱性阳离子的关联序为Na+>NH₄+> Ca2+> K+> Mg2+;pH与酸性阴离子关联序为Cl-> NO₃-> SO₄2->F-.反映出上海降水的离子化学组成受海洋源影响较大.结果还表明,上海酸雨逐步由硫酸型转为硫酸型和硝酸型并重.      

重庆市春季大气中PM10元素污染特征

为研究重庆市春季可吸入颗粒物中元素组成特征,于2006年4月在重庆市主城8区和缙云山对照点采集环境中PM10样品,用X-射线荧光光谱法测定其中24个元素的含量。选取16种元素,分为地壳元素和污染元素两大类进行体积分数、雨水洗脱作用和富集因子的分析。分析结果表明:与对照点相比,重庆市主城区PM10元素污染相对较重,且具有煤烟型硫化物污染的特点;污染元素浓度在晴天和阴雨天变化显著,对照点雨水对PM10洗脱作用较为明显;无论是主城区还是对照点,污染元素的富集因子较高,其中Se、S、Br和Pb的富集现象最为显著。     

降尘中重金属的形态及其在模拟酸雨下的溶出规律

使用透射、扫描电子显微镜观察大气降尘的形貌,运用BCR分级提取法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法研究大气降尘中重金属元素Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe和Cd的含量及形态分布,探讨模拟酸雨条件下大气降尘中重金属元素的溶出规律.结果表明:小粒径降尘较大粒径比表面积大,吸附能力也较强;大气降尘中重金属元素(除Fe外)均以残渣态为主, Cd含量极小,未检出;粒径相同的降尘中,Fe含量最高,主要以可还原态存在,可提取态达到70%以上;Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和Mn均以残渣态为主;Cu,Pb和Cr在小颗粒中相对富集,造成小粒径降尘的生物危害性更大;模拟酸雨条件下,Cu,Pb,Mn,Fe和Zn的溶出量均随pH降低而增大.      

人造硬壳层软土地基处理法的试验研究和理论分析

目前国内建成的大部分高等级道路都采用高填路基。高填路基由于填土较高,相应成本也较高,并且会对道路的质量造成不良的影响,特别是在软土地基上修建高等级公路,还需对软土地基进行加固处理,更增加了建设成本。本文提出了人造硬壳层的方法来处理软土地基,可降低路基高度,减少建设成本。通过对人造硬壳层室内试验、现场测试和采用合适的力学计算模型对人造硬壳层的计算表明,采用人造硬壳层法处理软土地基在技术上是可行的,同时在经济上相对于其它常用处理方法有比较大的优势。     

镧对酸雨胁迫下水稻萌发种子POD与质膜透性动态变化的影响

采用模拟酸雨和镧复合处理水稻(O.sativao)种子,测定不同酸雨胁迫强度下镧对种子质膜透性(E%)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明,用pH4.0和pH2.5的酸雨连续胁迫7d,随着胁迫时间的增加,水稻种子的质膜透性呈现先减小后逐渐增大再减小的趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直保持升高的趋势.经镧处理后,水稻种子的质膜透性变小,POD活性有所增高.而在第5天和第3天,pH=2.5和pH:4.0酸雨胁迫下的水稻种子换用隔夜自来水培养,使得其质膜透性有所减少,过氧化物酶活性得以回升.镧对种子的萌发具有一定的防护效应,减轻了酸雨对萌发期间的伤害程度,增强了种子抗酸雨的能力.     

Fish Responses to Experimental Fragmentation of Seagrass Habitat

Abstract: Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation has come mostly from comparisons of patchy and continuous habitats. Because fragmentation is a process, it is most accurately studied by actively fragmenting large patches into multiple smaller patches. We fragmented artificial seagrass habitats and evaluated the impacts of fragmentation on fish abundance and species richness over time (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). Fish assemblages were compared among 4 treatments: control (single, continuous 9‐m² patches); fragmented (single, continuous 9‐m² patches fragmented to 4 discrete 1‐m² patches); prefragmented/patchy (4 discrete 1‐m² patches with the same arrangement as fragmented); and disturbance control (fragmented then immediately restored to continuous 9‐m² patches). Patchy seagrass had lower species richness than actively fragmented seagrass (up to 39% fewer species after 1 week), but species richness in fragmented treatments was similar to controls. Total fish abundance did not vary among treatments and therefore was unaffected by fragmentation, patchiness, or disturbance caused during fragmentation. Patterns in species richness and abundance were consistent 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after fragmentation. The expected decrease in fish abundance from reduced total seagrass area in fragmented and patchy seagrass appeared to be offset by greater fish density per unit area of seagrass. If fish prefer to live at edges, then the effects of seagrass habitat loss on fish abundance may have been offset by the increase (25%) in seagrass perimeter in fragmented and patchy treatments. Possibly there is some threshold of seagrass patch connectivity below which fish abundances cannot be maintained. The immediate responses of fish to experimental habitat fragmentation provided insights beyond those possible from comparisons of continuous and historically patchy habitat.     

基于GA-ANN改进的空气质量预测模型

基于人工神经网络的空气质量预测模型优于传统的逐步回归模型,但由于性能差异不明显而较少在空气质量预报中应用. 设计了将遗传算法和神经网络算法相结合的基于GA_-ANN的空气质量预测模型,并利用天津市2003—2007年气象和污染物监测资料对该模型进行验证. 对2007年全年的ρ(SO₂),ρ(NO₂)和ρ(PM₁₀₎进行预测,预测值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.899 6,0.828 3和0.600 0. 与一般的人工神经网络预测模型相比较,GA_-ANN模型将空气质量等级预报的准确率从77.57%提高到79.67%. GA_-ANN模型可结合其他方法进行日常空气质量预报.