六氟化铀中烃,含氯烃和部分取代卤代烃的分析

使用经过仔细调整的ＭＡＴ－２８１ＵＦ６质谱计进行六氟化铀中烃、含氯烃和部分取代卤代烃的分析，给出了一种半定量的分析方法，等效于美国ＡＳＴＭＣ７６１－８３的标准方法。     

空分装置爆炸危险与防控分析

分析了空分装置可能发生设备爆炸的部位及形成爆炸的原因,指出碳氢化合物（尤其是乙炔）的积聚是导致空分装置爆炸的主要因素,提出了防止空分装置爆炸的安全防控措施。     

舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃的含量及对海域有机污染的指示作用

在1998～2004年对舟山海域4个县区40种海产品的石油烃含量,采用分子荧光光度法进行了检测,结果表明:(1)舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃含量的种间分布差异较大,以瓣鳃纲和腹足纲为主的软体动物的生物富集作用具有明显的区域和时段特征;(2)舟山群岛海洋动物体内石油烃含量在1998年和2001年的3 a有一个明显下降过程,而在2003和2004年又有了明显的上升趋势并在总体上已超过了1998年的水平;(3)以营埋栖的缢蛏和活动范围有限的龙头鱼,适于作为潮间带泥滩或河口区域等不同栖息生境有机污染的指示物种.     

石油烃污染对海胆胚胎及浮游幼虫生长发育的影响

为研究石油烃污染对海胆的毒性, 采用海胆胚胎发育技术, 观察0号柴油、船用轻质柴油和船用重质燃料油分散液对马粪海胆胚胎及浮游幼虫生长发育的影响.结果显示, 三种油品分散液使得胚胎发育至2-细胞期、4-细胞期、8-细胞期、16-细胞期、囊胚期的时间延后,这种延后的现象随着发育进程和油品分散液浓度升高而愈发明显.与对照组相比,染毒的海胆浮游幼虫生长速度明显减慢,二腕幼虫及四腕幼虫的体长均变短.三种油品对于海胆胚胎生长发育过程的毒性顺序为:0号柴油>船用轻质柴油>船用重质燃料油.     

北京城区和郊区大气细粒子有机物污染特征及来源解析

2004年在定陵、北京大学、奥体中心、良乡、通州共5个采样点采集北京市PM2.5,样品,并对其中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和有机物组成进行了测定.分析了北京市城区和郊区细粒子中有机化合物的污染特征.共检出有机物188种.主要物种为正构烷烃、正构烷酸、霍烷、多环芳烃、脱氧单糖苷以及其它多种源的示踪物.各监测点有机物浓度均呈现1月浓度最高、10月其次,7月浓度最低,4月居中的特征.市区点(奥体、北大)和近郊点(良乡、通州)的污染物浓度远高于受人为活动影响较小的远郊定陵.以正构烷烃、霍烷、多环芳烃、左旋葡聚糖和EC为示踪物,利用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对北京市PM2.5中的OC进行了来源解析.结果表明,北京市细粒子OC的主要来源为柴油车排放(15.3%)、汽油车排放(20.5%)、燃煤排放(19.0%)、生物质燃烧(2.1%)和植物碎屑(1.1%).机动车和燃煤排放仍然是北京市细粒子OC的主要来源.而且有加重趋势.     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

基于北京市夏季高臭氧事件期间挥发性有机物（VOC）的监测数据,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）对北京市夏季二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势进行了估算.估算方法结合了北京市的实际情况,并考虑了苯和异戊二烯是SOA前体物.结果表明,检测到的70种VOC中有31种是SOA前体物,可产生8.48 μg/m³的SOA,占细粒子（PM_2.5）有机组分的30％.甲苯、二甲苯、蒎烯、乙苯和正十一烷是对SOA生成贡献最大的5个物种,分别占SOA生成量的20％、 22％、 14％、 9％和4％.由人为源排放的芳香烃是北京市SOA最主要的来源,占SOA生成潜势的76％.天然源排放的烯烃对SOA的贡献占16％,烷烃（7％）和羰基化合物（1％）的贡献较小.SOA的主要成分是含苯环的产物、脂肪族酸、羰基化合物和脂肪族硝酸酯,分别占72％、 14％、 11％和3％.具有高SOA生成潜势的物种的环境浓度和臭氧生成潜势都较低,因此在VOC控制政策的制定上要综合考虑VOC的环境浓度、臭氧生成潜势和SOA生成潜势.     

工作危害分析在轻烃站脱硫塔填料更换中的应用

运用工作危害分析对脱硫塔更换填料中的危险进行了分析,制定了相应对策,保证了施工过程的安全.     

Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two di erent analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 105–1 106 molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant di erence between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.     

液化烃储罐区本质安全技术管理探讨

介绍了液化烃的特性及主要火灾爆炸伤害模型,分析了诱发火灾爆炸的原因,并从本质化安全技术角度,提出了前期管理无缺陷的主要对策措施。