Overview of strontium-89,90 deposition measurements in Finland 1963-2005

In Finland the deposition of strontium-89 (⁹⁰Sr) and strontium-90 (⁹⁰Sr) has been monitored since the early 1960s. The measured cumulative ⁹⁰Sr deposition in 1963-2005 is on average 1200 Bq m⁻², of which 150 Bq m⁻² originates from the Chernobyl accident. Adding to this the deposition in 1945-1962 produces a value of 2040 Bq m⁻² for the cumulative deposition in Finland. The nuclear explosion-derived deposition up to 1985 obtained in this study, 1850 Bq m⁻², is in good agreement with the zonal ⁹⁰Sr deposition of 1740 Bq m⁻² in the 60°N-70°N latitude band estimated by UNSCEAR. The regional deposition patterns of ⁸⁹Sr and ⁹⁰Sr following the Chernobyl accident resemble those of the refractory nuclides such as ^239,240Pu and ⁹⁵Zr. The total deposition of Chernobyl-derived ⁹⁰Sr in Finland was about 5.3 × 10¹³ Bq. This activity corresponds to 0.027% of the reactor core inventory and 0.66% of the atmospheric emissions from the accident. The corresponding figures for ⁸⁹Sr are 4.5 × 10¹⁴ Bq, 0.023% and 0.56%, respectively.     

影响分析空白值的因素及控制措施

化学实验中,经常会出现空白值异常的情况。文中从可能对空白值产生影响的各个因素逐一进行分析,并在此基础上提出了控制空白值的手段和措施。     

An assessment methodology for successional systems. I. Null models and the regulatory framework

Standard procedures for evaluating environmental impact involve comparison between before and after conditions or scenarios or between treatment and control site pairs. In many cases, however, endogenous directional change (natural succession) is expected to occur at a significant rate over the period of concern, particularly for manmade systems such as impoundments. Static evaluations do not provide an adequate approach to such problems. A new evaluation frame is proposed. Nominal system behavior over time is characterized by a stochastic envelope around a nominal trajectory. We show that both the state variance and the sampling variance can change over time. In this context, environmental regulations can be framed as constraints, targets, or conformance to ideal trajectories. Statistical tests for determining noncompliance are explored relative to process variance, sample error, and sample size. Criteria are elucidated for choosing properties to monitor, sample size, and sampling interval.     

Mitigation of hydrogen fluoride aerosols by dry powders

Fluid bed tests were used to determine overall reaction rates for eight different dry powders of low hazard and toxicity before and after reaction with HF. In flow chamber tests, a representative oxide, hydroxide and carbonate were used to measure the efficiency of mitigation of an HF aerosol cloud. The results show that dry powders provide a valid alternative to water spray mitigation. Powder efficiencies are higher than water efficiencies at constant weight ratio.

At present, no attempt has been made to provide any technical designs or layouts for powder mitigation systems. However, the technology for smaller systems is available through manufacturers of dry powder chemical fire extinguisher equipment. When these powders are kept dry and under nitrogen atmosphere, a shelf life of several years can be expected.     

NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR TREND DETECTION IN WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES1

ABSTRACT: A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Kendall tests are the best choice for trend detection in water quality time series. Recently these tests have been adapted to account for dependence and seasonality in such series (Lettenmaier, 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1972; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). For monotonic trends, a procedure allowing to select the pertinent tests considering the characteristics of time series is proposed and the practical limitations of the tests are also brought out. This procedure has been applied to identify the appropriate trend detection test for the time series of nine water quality parameters at Lake Laflamme (Québec). When a time series can be tested with the Mann-Whitney, Kendall, Spearman, or Lettenmaier (1976) test, the number of observations required to detect trends of a given magnitude, for selected significance and power levels can be calculated with the power function of the t test. When the test proposed by Hirsch, et al. (1984), Hirsch and Slack (1984), or Farrell (1980) need to be used, the number of observations can only be estimated approximately from the results of empirical power studies.     

南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂的抗液化性能试验研究

南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土为粉质粘土与粉细砂交互沉积,呈现“千层饼”状外貌;南京粉细砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂,与通常的圆形颗粒石英砂有一定区别,片状颗粒成分使得南京粉细砂具有各向异性的性质。通过南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂对比液化试验,对其试验成果进行分析,从中发现:无论是偏压固结还是均压团结,当固结压力α_2=100 kPa时,南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土的液化剪应力比比南京粉细砂的大得多;而当固结压力α_2=200kPa时,两种土的液化剪应力比相当接近。因而,对于重大工程应该慎重考虑它们的液化可能性。     

小型环境试验舱的研制及性能研究

自制小型环境试验舱的体积为0．17m^3，用产生甲醛的标准气体方法检验试验舱的稳定性、准确性及精密性。结果表明，试验舱稳定，无吸附，且有95％的精确性。通过测定试验舱内木板中甲醛释放量及释放规律检验试验舱的应用性能，测得甲醛释放规律与文献研究结果一致，表明该试验舱应用性能良好，因此该实验舱可用于检测室内装饰装修材料中污染物质释放量及释放规律的研究。     

A COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL TESTS ON THE EXTREME-VALUE TYPE-1 DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: The effects of the selections of plotting position formulae and class division schemes on goodness of fit tests are investigated for the extreme-value type-1 distribution using annual flood and annual maximum daily rainfall data. It was found that the plotting position formulae have a minor influence on the tests which involve their use, while the class division schemes may have a pronounced effect on the X²-test. The study also recommended the maximum likelihood method for fitting purposes and a new test which is independent of the afore-mentioned selections for judging the goodness of fit.     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞DNA的损伤

为了评价全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)对水环境及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PFOS和MWCNTs复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。将成年斑马鱼暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg·L-1)、MWCNTs(50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+MWCNTs(0.2+50、0.4+50、0.8+50、1.6+50 mg·L-1)和对照溶液中30 d后,断尾取血进行微核试验和彗星试验。结果表明:PFOS和MWCNTs均可造成斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。1.6 mg·L-1PFOS处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长分别为(36.3±0.25)‰、(87.91±14.90)μm和(250.49±34.71)μm。PFOS与MWCNTs复合后,斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤效应明显降低。复合处理组斑马鱼外周血红细胞的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长均低于PFOS单独处理相。1.6 mg·L-1复合处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长比PFOS单独处理组分别降低了24.7%、68.9%、52.4%。因此,在实验浓度范围内,MWCNTs可以降低PFOS对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。