萼花臂尾轮虫毒性试验的方法学研究

为尝试以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性,本项研究以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)作为实验生物开展相关实验,建立生命表并确定接种密度对于种群生长率的影响,并且用3种农药(毒死蜱、丁草胺、三唑酮)开展了轮虫毒性试验。生命表实验结果表明,轮虫的平均寿命和世代周期分别为(78.76±33.08)h和(51.56±20.55)h。接种密度实验结果表明,随着接种密度的提高,轮虫种群增长率呈下降趋势。基于接种密度实验的结果,毒性试验以35个·(100 m L)-1作为受试种群的起始密度,试验周期定为144 h。毒性试验结果显示,毒死蜱对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为0.6066 mg·L-1和0.7323mg·L-1;丁草胺对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为1.851 mg·L-1和3.058 mg·L-1;三唑酮对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为12.84 mg·L-1和11.63 mg·L-1。本项研究的结果肯定了以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性。     

军用地面装备加固液晶显示器环境适应性研究

通过对9家军用加固液晶显示器的环境适应性比对试验,归纳分析了各家产品对温度、振动、冲击、湿度、盐雾等环境的适应能力,提出改进措施建议,为产品设计人员和军方采办提供参考。     

铀尾矿中不同形态铀释放的影响因素及其相关性

采用正交试验、连续提取法及主成分分析,研究了液固比、浸出时间、酸雨pH值、PO₄^3-、CO₃^2-、Ca²⁺和腐殖酸浓度对铀尾矿库内铀尾矿中不同形态铀释放的影响.结果表明：影响易迁移态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：Ca²⁺>酸雨pH值>CO₃^2->腐殖酸>浸出时间>PO₄^3->液固比,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且CO₃^2-与酸雨pH值的相关性最强.影响潜在迁移态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：Ca²⁺>液固比>浸出时间>CO₃^2->腐殖酸>酸雨pH值>PO₄^3-,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且PO₄^3-与酸雨pH值的相关性最强.影响稳定态铀释放的因素,按重要程度排序为：PO₄^3->腐殖酸>CO₃^2->酸雨pH值>液固比>Ca²⁺>浸出时间,前4个因素是主要影响因素,且PO₄^3-与CO₃^2-的相关性最强.     

Toxicity of HC Orange No. 1 to Daphnia magna, zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) embryos, and goldfish (Carassius auratus)

HC Orange No. 1 (HCO1; 2-nitro-4′-hydroxydiphenylamine) (CAS No. 54381-08-7) is used as a color additive in hair dyes and can be released into aquatic environments in wastewater. In this paper, the effects of HCO1 on aquatic organisms were studied using a battery of toxicological tests. These included measuring immobilization of Daphnia magna, inhibition of zebrafish embryo development, and acute lethality in zebrafish and goldfish, which are different species belonging to different trophic levels. HCO1 was toxic to all of the organisms studied. In our experiments, HCO1 remarkably restrained the mobility of D. magna, which may cause subsequent death. The EC₅₀ value for restrained the mobility of D. magna at 48 h was 1.54 mg HCO1 l⁻¹. In addition, HCO1 showed toxicity in zebrafish and goldfish, where LC₅₀values at 96 h were 4.04 and 5.37 mg l⁻¹, respectively. The results also indicated that HCO1 remarkably retarded the development of zebrafish embryos, which may cause embryo abnormality and even lethality. The most sensitive toxicological endpoint in the development of the embryos was failure to hatch, which had an EC₅₀ of 0.19 mg HCO1 l⁻¹. These results indicated that HCO1 is a potential teratogen to zebrafish embryos. In addition, as HCO1 concentrations increased, the outcomes of each of these toxicity tests changed in a concentration-dependent manner. Together, the results revealed that HCO1 appears to be toxic to multiple different species of aquatic organisms. The EC₅₀ (LC₅₀) values contain sufficient discriminatory power for risk assessment of HCO1 in aquatic environments. Based on the present results, more efficient risk assessment procedures for HCO1 will be designed in the future, integrating more flexible testing methods into the testing schemes that employ only the necessary tools for each case.     

Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy)

Polluted soils can present a significant health risk especially in an urban environment. Most current legislation and health risk frameworks are based on pseudototal metal content. However, only a fraction of these concentrations is available for plant and human uptake. The aim of this work was to study the diffuse metal contamination in the soils of a municipality in Northern Italy in terms of: (i) metal availability, and (ii) metal accessibility to the human body and its relationship to soil properties, considering lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Soil metal content was measured simulating availability conditions. Human bioaccessibility was derived from a modified physiologically-based extraction test. The human bioaccessible content was then estimated taking into account the relationships between pseudototal content and selected soil parameters. For the case study, the prediction of human bioaccessibility based on pseudototal content, organic matter and soil texture produced statistically significant models, with r² = 0.60 for Cu, r² = 0.53 for Pb and r² = 0.42 for Zn.     

基于新一代测序技术的A2O与BIOLAK活性污泥宏基因组比较分析

本研究是A2O(anaerobic/anoxic/oxic,厌氧/缺氧/好氧)与百乐克(BIOLAK)活性污泥宏基因组比较分析的首份报告.在百乐克和A2O活性污泥宏基因组中,分别检测到47个和51个门类,超过了澳大利亚强化生物除磷(enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)、美国强化生物除磷和Bibby活性污泥中所检测到的生物类群.百乐克活性污泥中所发现的门类,均在A2O活性污泥中检测到.但是,有4个门类仅在A2O活性污泥中出现.Ignavibacteriae门在A2O活性污泥宏基因组中的比例(2.044 0%)是百乐克活性污泥(0.637 6%)的3.2倍.与此同时,芽单胞菌门在百乐克活性污泥宏基因组中的比例是2.467 3%,比其在A2O活性污泥中的比例(0.140 4%)高出17倍多;衣原体门在百乐克活性污泥宏基因组中的比例是0.219 2%,比其在A2O活性污泥中的比例(0.036 0%)高出6倍多.另外,在属的层级,有167个属仅在A2O活性污泥中检出;与此同时,有50个属仅发现于百乐克活性污泥中.因此,在门和属的层级,A2O与百乐克活性污泥的生物群落均存在巨大差异.然而,在百乐克和A2O两个活性污泥中,与氮、磷、硫和芳香族化合物代谢相关的功能基因比例均是非常接近的.此外,两个活性污泥中KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes,京都基因与基因组百科全书)所有6个类别的排序均相同.同时,氮代谢相关的功能基因分类和通路分析表明,高丰度酶在百乐克和A2O宏基因组中具有相同的排序.因此,A2O和百乐克活性污泥宏基因组比较分析显示,两个不同的生物群落具有相似的功能分配.     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

Buses retrofitting with diesel particle filters: Real-world fuel economy and roadworthiness test considerations

Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter(DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.     

环境试验顺序的选择

文章首先介绍了环境试验的目的及其重要性,再通过环境试验对产品的影响以及试验项目之间的相互关系,阐述环境试验顺序应遵循的一般原则,说明合理的安排试验顺序的重要性.