ON PRECIPITATION SENSOR NETWORK DENSITIES FOR EVALUATING WINTERTIME OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING EXPERIMENTS1

Principal component analysis is used to investigate density requirements of wintertime orographic cloud seeding experiment precipitation sensor networks. Three passes in the vicinity of Climax, Colorado are studied. The eighteen or more evenly spaced precipitation sensors of each pass are almost completely described by three principal components. These three principal components appear to represent (i) mean precipitation, (ii) slope orientation to storm systems, and (iii) elevation. Evaluation of these principal components is implemented with two distribution-free tests, a proportionality test and the runs test. The results of this study suggest that the loss of experimental information caused by low density precipitation sensor networks may be of little consequence.     

OBSERVATION WELL NETWORK DESIGN FOR PUMPING TESTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for determining locations of observation wells to be used in conducting pumping tests in unconfined aquifers. Sensitivity coefficients, the distribution of relative errors, and the correlation coefficients between four aquifer parameters (horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities K_r and K_z, storage coefficient S, and specific yield S_y) are used as the criteria for the design of observation well networks and the interpretation of pumping tests. The contours of the relative errors over a vertical profile are very useful in selecting the “best” location of an observation well. Results from theoretical analyses suggest that a wide range of locations is suitable for the determination of K_r and that good locations for the determination of K_z and S may be poorly suited for the determination of S_y. Consideration must be given to the position and lengths of the pumping well screen in the selection of observation well locations. For a given location, the quality of test data can be improved by using high pumping rates and frequent sampling of drawdowns. We found that a minimum of two and preferably three observation locations are needed along a given transect. Results of the four parameters from a single well analysis may contain higher uncertainties. However, composite analyses of multiple observation wells can reduce the correlation between the four aquifer parameters, particularly between K_r and S_y, thus, improving the quality of parameter estimation. Results from two pumping tests conducted at sites located in Nebraska were examined with regard to the proposed methodology.     

军用地面装备加固液晶显示器环境适应性研究

通过对9家军用加固液晶显示器的环境适应性比对试验,归纳分析了各家产品对温度、振动、冲击、湿度、盐雾等环境的适应能力,提出改进措施建议,为产品设计人员和军方采办提供参考。     

萼花臂尾轮虫毒性试验的方法学研究

为尝试以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性,本项研究以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)作为实验生物开展相关实验,建立生命表并确定接种密度对于种群生长率的影响,并且用3种农药(毒死蜱、丁草胺、三唑酮)开展了轮虫毒性试验。生命表实验结果表明,轮虫的平均寿命和世代周期分别为(78.76±33.08)h和(51.56±20.55)h。接种密度实验结果表明,随着接种密度的提高,轮虫种群增长率呈下降趋势。基于接种密度实验的结果,毒性试验以35个·(100 m L)-1作为受试种群的起始密度,试验周期定为144 h。毒性试验结果显示,毒死蜱对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为0.6066 mg·L-1和0.7323mg·L-1;丁草胺对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为1.851 mg·L-1和3.058 mg·L-1;三唑酮对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为12.84 mg·L-1和11.63 mg·L-1。本项研究的结果肯定了以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性。     

非耐短路变压器短路和过载保护试验的自动测试系统

针对变压器产品认证标准GB 19212.1(IEC 61558-1)中关于"短路和过载保护"的型式试验项目,研发了一套智能自动测试系统。对于两种类型的非耐短路变压器,即输入保护和输出保护类型,分别给出了系统软硬件配置和详细的测试操作流程。相比传统手动测试方式,该系统的应用可显著减少人员在线时间,同时降低人工测量环节的不确定度。     

泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配

合理的污染排放总量控制及分配是保证城市发展和环境保护和相协调的重要条件。ＣＯＺＥＥ－中国沿海环境保护增强工作以泉州市为试点开展ＩＥＭＰ示范项目,通过将国外先进经验,计算方法与当地实际相结合,制定出泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配方案,本文介绍ＩＥＭＰ项目大气污染总量控制,分配的基本思路及方法,这对我国沿海经济快速发展地区的总量控制具有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于多因素信息融合的城市供水安全评价系统

为了确定城市供水安全状态,提出1种基于多因素信息融合思想的城市供水安全评价方法。以城市供水安全指标体系为基础,建立供水安全指标与基本概率指派函数焦元的对应关系;采用组合权重确定各评价指标的权重值作为对指标证据的支持程度,通过加权合成方法得到各因素定量、定性信息的基本概率指派函数值,利用证据理论的Dempster组合规则进行因素融合。研究结果表明:以郑州市供水安全指标体系为例,在进行多指标信息融合时与解决证据冲突的融合方法计算结果相同,郑州市2006——2008年城市供水处于不安全状态,2008年以后安全等级逐步升高且趋于稳定状态,可以预测出在未来一段时间郑州市的供水处于安全状态。     

Fractionation and Biotoxicity of Heavy Metals in Urban Dusts Collected from Hong Kong and London

Samples of urban dusts, road site dusts and car park dusts, were collected at two selected sites each in Hong Kong and London. Sequential extraction was used to characterise the chemical compositions of these urban dusts. Copper, lead, zinc, pH, electrical conductivity and organic content were measured. Biotoxicity tests of urban dusts were conducted on higher plants (Brassica chinensis and Lolium perenne), a dinoflagellate green alga (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum). A significant correlation was found between total lead (r =; – 0.70, p < 0.01) and zinc (r =; – 0.74, p < 0.05), and the 20 min – EC50 using P. phosphoreum. In addition, there was a significant correlation (r = – 0.72, p < 0.01) between the exchangeable lead content in dust and the 48 h- EC30 using D. tertiolecta. No specific trend was obtained for higher plants. Total lead and zinc contents were higher in dusts from London while the percentage of exchangeable fraction of metal contents was higher in those from Hong Kong.     

Sensitivity of Bidens laevis L. to mutagenic compounds. Use of chromosomal aberrations as biomarkers of genotoxicity

The wetland macrophyte Bidens laevis possesses suitable cytological characteristics for genotoxicity testing. To test its sensitivity as compared to terrestrial plants species currently in use in standardized assays, Methyl Methanesulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and Maleic Hydrazide (HM) were used. On the other hand, the insecticide Endosulfan (ES) - an environmentally relevant contaminant - was assayed in seeds and two-month old plants. Mitotic Index (MI), frequency of Chromosome Aberrations in Anaphase-Telophase (CAAT) and frequency of Abnormal Metaphases (AM) were analyzed. MH, MMS and ENU caused a significant decrease of the MI. MMS was aneugenic whereas MH and ENU were both aneugenic and clastogenic. ES caused a significant concentration-dependent increase of total- and aneugenic-CAAT in roots and a significant high frequency of AM at high concentrations. Because of its sensitivity to mutagenic substances, B. laevis can be regarded as a reliable and convenient species for genotoxicity assays especially if aquatic contaminants are evaluated.     

Metals pollution and human bioaccessibility of topsoils in Grugliasco (Italy)

Polluted soils can present a significant health risk especially in an urban environment. Most current legislation and health risk frameworks are based on pseudototal metal content. However, only a fraction of these concentrations is available for plant and human uptake. The aim of this work was to study the diffuse metal contamination in the soils of a municipality in Northern Italy in terms of: (i) metal availability, and (ii) metal accessibility to the human body and its relationship to soil properties, considering lead, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. Soil metal content was measured simulating availability conditions. Human bioaccessibility was derived from a modified physiologically-based extraction test. The human bioaccessible content was then estimated taking into account the relationships between pseudototal content and selected soil parameters. For the case study, the prediction of human bioaccessibility based on pseudototal content, organic matter and soil texture produced statistically significant models, with r² = 0.60 for Cu, r² = 0.53 for Pb and r² = 0.42 for Zn.