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141.
Timothy A. Linksvayer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):647-657
Conflicts of interest among genetically heterogeneous nestmates in social insect colonies have been emphasized as driving
colony resource allocation. However, potential intracolonial conflicts may not actually be realized so that resource allocation
could be shaped primarily by among-colony selection that maximizes colony productivity. To elucidate the causal basis of patterns
of resource allocation, I experimentally manipulated three fundamental aspects of colony social structure (relatedness among
workers, relatedness among larvae, and queen presence) in the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus and measured effects on colony resource allocation to new workers, gynes, and males. The experimental manipulations had widespread
effects on patterns of colony resource allocation, but there was little evidence for realized conflicts over the sex ratio
and caste ratio. Decreasing nestmate relatedness caused decreased colony productivity, suggesting that more closely related
nestmates have more favorably interacting phenotypes. Together, these results suggest that resource allocation in T. curvispinosus may be shaped more by among-colony selection than intracolonial conflict, leading to queen–worker–brood coadaptation. 相似文献
142.
Madeleine Beekman Rosalyn S. Gloag Naïla Even Wandee Wattanachaiyingchareon Benjamin P. Oldroyd 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1259-1265
All honeybee species make use of the waggle dance to communicate the direction and distance to both food sources and potential
new nest sites. When foraging, all species face an identical problem: conveying information about profitable floral patches.
However, profound differences in nesting biology (some nest in cavities while others nest in the open, often on a branch or
a cliff face) may mean that species have different requirements when dancing to advertise new nest sites. In cavity nesting
species, nest sites are a precise location in the landscape: usually a small opening leading to a cavity in a hollow tree.
Dances for cavities therefore need to be as precise as possible. In contrast, when the potential nest site comprises a tree
or perhaps seven a patch of trees, precision is less necessary. Similarly, when a food patch is advertised, dances need not
be very precise, as floral patches are often large, unless they are so far away that recruits need more precise information
to be able to locate them. In this paper, we study the dance precision of the open-nesting red dwarf bee Apis florea. By comparing the precision of dances for food sources and nest sites, we show that A. florea workers dance with the same imprecision irrespective of context. This is in sharp contrast with the cavity-nesting Apis mellifera that increases the precision of its dance when advertising a potential new home. We suggest that our results are in accordance
with the hypothesis that the honeybees’ dance communication initially evolved to convey information about new nest sites and
was only later adapted for the context of foraging. 相似文献
143.
Geir Rudolfsen Rudolf Müller Davnah Urbach Claus Wedekind 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(4):561-567
The mating behavior and reproductive strategies of Alpine whitefish like Coregonus zugensis (Nüsslin) are poorly understood, probably because they spawn in deep water where direct observations are difficult. In this
study, we interpret life-history and sperm quality traits of fish that we caught from their spawning place. We found that
males invest heavily into gonadal tissue (up to 5.6% of their body weight), which is, in comparison to other fish, consistent
with external fertilization, distinct pairing and moderate to high communal spawning, or no pairing and low to moderate communal
spawning. Sperm competition theory and recent experimental studies on other salmonids predict that males optimize ejaculate
characteristics in relation to the costs of sperm and the level of competition they have to expect: dominant males are predicted
to invest less into ejaculate quality and to have slower spermatozoa than subdominant males. We found that spermatozoa of
older males are slower than those of younger males. Moreover, older males have larger breeding tubercles, a secondary sexual
trait that has, in some previous studies, been found to be linked to good condition and to good genetic quality. Our results
suggest that C. zugensis has age-linked reproductive strategies, that multimale spawning is common, i.e., that sperm competition plays a significant
role, and that older males are on average dominant over younger males at the spawning place. 相似文献
144.
电助光催化氧化苯甲酰胺 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
以钛板为基材,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备固定膜 TiO2/Ti 光催化剂,并对其施加一定的阳极偏电压,对苯甲酰胺溶液进行了电助光催化氧化处理.考察了阳极偏电压、溶液浓度和pH值对苯甲酰胺降解效率和光电流的影响规律,并比较了电助光催化氧化与光催化氧化、光解和电解处理对苯甲酰胺去除率的差异.结果表明,外加阳极偏电压可以大大提高光催化氧化技术的处理效率,最佳工艺条件为偏电压+0.6V/SCE,苯甲酰胺溶液的浓度 1.0mg/L,溶液呈酸性.在此条件下,经过 1h的处理,苯甲酰胺的去除率可达 90%. 相似文献
145.
为使开放避难场所符合公众自行避难的实际情况,借鉴Huff模型量化公众选择行为,构建双阶段选址-分配模型,第1阶段确定开放避难场所位置,第2阶段将溢出容量的灾民二次分配到有剩余容量的避难场所,并利用改进粒子群算法进行求解。研究结果表明:双阶段选址-分配模型能够实现同一需求点灾民前往不同避难场所的过程,管理者干预政策能够使服务人数大幅度增加,避免资源浪费、灾民流离失所且二次分配情况主要依赖于第1阶段的结果。研究结果可为管理部门规划应急避难场所提供参考。 相似文献
146.
排水管网设计中管材的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
排水管网使用的各类排水管材种类繁多,性能差异较大.根据排水管材的材质、性能分析,对常用几种排水管材进行了技术经济比较.以实际工程为例,概述了不同施工条件和不同地质条件下排水管材的设计选择方法. 相似文献
147.
148.
为了研究化工厂选址的合理性,以山东省某化工厂为例,采用ALOHA(有害大气空中定位软件)模拟软件定量确定厂区内环氧乙烷毒气扩散事故的影响区域和敏感点毒气浓度,结合GoogleEarth地图对影响范围进行实地拟合。结果表明化工厂的环氧乙烷储罐泄漏后,毒气扩散到厂区范围之外,毒气浓度在50~500ppm之间的重伤区(ERPG-2)扩散距离可达1.7km,对周围居民的人身安全构成严重威胁;厂区应根据拟合结果重新规划工厂中环氧乙烷储罐的位置;ALOHA软件对化工厂选址评价提供了新的手段。 相似文献
149.
为解决传统经验公式在预测气体泄爆中最大超压出现时的较大偏差或过于保守的问题,提出使用人工神经网络预测气体泄爆最大超压。基于124组实验数据,采用BP与RBF神经网络,通过优化算法计算与迭代循环对泄爆样本中的影响因素进行降维与选择,并确定2类神经网络本身在学习与计算气体泄爆样本时的相关参数。结果表明:PCA(主成分分析法)在当前样本条件下的降维效果较差,而通过迭代对比确认气体泄爆样本中的5类特征全部保留时神经网络的训练模拟效果最好;通过对124组实验数据进行随机挑选训练集与测试集的训练模拟结果发现,神经网络对气体泄爆中最大超压的预测效果较好;通过对比Molkov提出的和经Fakandu等改进的NFPA 68经验公式以及2类神经网络的预测结果表明,神经网络相比于传统气体泄爆经验公式具有明显优势。 相似文献
150.
With the development of the city, the number of establishments that are proposed or under construction is increasing year by year, and if they are industries that handle flammable, explosive, toxic, harmful, and dangerous substances, the public safety will face great threats, which will bring great challenges to emergency rescue work. Therefore, providing reasonable solutions to the problem of location selection of emergency supplies repositories are necessary for improving the emergency response efficiency in chemical industrial parks. A mathematical model for location selection of emergency supplies repositories in emergency logistics management are presented considering more actual factors. The optimization objectives of the model are to minimize total transport length and cost. And then a Variable Weighted Algorithm is designed to solve the model, where an auxiliary function was constructed with different methods of building weighting factors based on the theory and method of solving multi-objective optimization problems in operational research. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the models and algorithms presented in this paper. 相似文献