高原喀斯特土壤有机碳短期稳定的温度作用机制

探明有机碳稳定的温度作用机制,是评估全球变化背景下土壤碳源/汇演变趋势的关键.应用土壤密度分组和酸水解技术,采用红外线辐射增温法,对比研究不同升温情景下高原喀斯特土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度的短期(4a)变化特征.升温情景包括不升温(对照)、对称升温(全年同步升温2.0℃)和非对称升温(冬春/夏秋季升温幅度为2.5℃/1.5℃、3.0℃/1.0℃、3.5℃/0.5℃和4.0℃/0℃,低度、中度、高度和极端非对称升温),其中中度非对称升温与该区域多年升温情景类似.结果表明,不同升温情景下表层(0~15 cm)土壤有机碳密度在1.95~2.02 kg·m-2之间,其差异不显著,且与对照(1.94 kg·m-2)差异不显著.升温处理间土壤轻组和重组碳密度、重组顽固性碳密度差异不显著,且与对照差异不显著.5个升温处理轻组顽固性碳平均密度是对照的1.18倍,其中对称升温、低度和中度非对称升温处理显著高于对照.轻组顽固性碳密度和轻组顽固性碳指数随升温的非对称性增加而降低,其中对称升温处理均显著高于中度、高度和极端非对称升温.亚表层(15~30 cm)土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度对短期升温均不敏感.研究揭示:短期内,升温提高了高原喀斯特土壤非保护组分中有机碳顽固性.基于对称升温情景并不一定会误估全球变暖对土壤有机碳数量和土壤碳物理保护能力的影响,但可能会高估表层土壤(0~15 cm)非保护组分有机碳顽固性.     

季节非对称升温对喀斯特土壤CO2释放的影响

全球变暖呈现季节非对称升温特征,若在研究全球变化对生态系统的影响时未充分考虑该特征,很可能导致研究结果失真.基于红外线辐射增温法,野外模拟不同升温情景下喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的短期（4 a）特征.升温情景包括不升温（对照）、对称升温（全年同步升温2.0℃）和非对称升温（冬春/夏秋季升温幅度为2.5℃/1.5℃、3.0℃/1.0℃、3.5℃/0.5℃和4.0℃/0℃）.结果表明,与对照相比,升温样地土壤CO₂通量显著提高,增加了0.26 μmol·（m²·s）^-1,增幅为17.41%,其中冬春季通量增加了0.23 μmol·（m²·s）^-1.在平均升温2.0℃情景下,土壤CO₂释放的温度系数（Q₁₀）变幅为1.53~3.24之间,平均值为2.23.对称升温处理中夏秋季土壤CO₂通量升温贡献率（80%）远高于冬春季（20%）;非对称升温处理夏秋季和冬春季平均升温贡献率相当（46%和54%）.5个升温情景下CO₂通量和Q₁₀呈现随升温的非对称性增加而降低的趋势,其中对称升温处理CO₂通量显著高于中度、高度和极端非对称升温处理.各处理中,夏秋季Q₁₀均大于冬春季,这可能与土壤含水量、土壤微生物、可溶性无机碳和植被生长等有关.研究揭示,基于对称升温情景可能会高估全球变暖对喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的影响.     

黑龙江省过去20年粮食作物种植格局变化及其气候背景

根据黑龙江省1980～1999年的气候资料和1980～2000年水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物播种面积等统计资料,利用快速聚类分析方法分析了气候变化背景下黑龙江省主要粮食作物的种植格局和种植界限变化情况。结果表明:在过去20年里,全省主要粮食作物的播种面积变化显著。特别是进入20世纪90年代,水稻播种范围向北向东扩张趋势明显,种植面积比重显著增加;小麦种植面积比重快速降低,种植范围大幅向北退缩;玉米则在保持一个相对稳定的比例关系的基础上,逐渐向北部和东部伸展。粮食种植结构的这种调整使水稻逐渐取代小麦成为黑龙江省主要粮食作物之一,并最终导致该区主要粮食作物种植格局从以小麦和玉米为主转变为以玉米和水稻为主。上述粮食作物种植格局的变化与气候变暖带来的积温增加及积温带北移东扩密切相关。     

Combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Cd and Zn accumulation dynamics in Triticum aestivum L.

A simulated climate warming experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO_2 concentration on the bioaccumulation,translocation and subcellular distributions of Cd and Zn in wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.) at Dingxi,Gansu Province,China.The objective was to find evidence that global climate change is affecting the bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in T.aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.The results showed that compared to control A,elevated temperature and CO_2 increased Cd bioaccumulation in the shoots by 1.4–2.5 times,and increased that in the roots by 1.2–1.5times,but decreased Zn levels in wheat shoots by 1.4–2.0 times,while decreased that in the roots by 1.6–1.9 times.Moreover,temperature and CO_2 concentration increase also led to increased Cd concentration,and decreased Zn concentration in subcellular compartments of wheat seedlings.The largest Cd concentration increase(174.4%) was observed in the cell wall and debris fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the highest CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC3).The largest Zn concentration decrease(53.1%) was observed in the soluble(F3) fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the medium CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC2).The temperature and CO_2 increase had no significant effect on the proportional distribution of Cd and Zn in the subcellular fractions.The root-to-shoot translocation of Cd increased with the increasing temperature and CO_2 concentration.However,the Zn distributions only fluctuated within a small range.     

椰糠生物炭对热区双季稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

基于稻菜轮作模式,选择海南双季稻田为对象进行氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的原位监测,探究椰糠生物炭对该系统稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验设当地常规施肥对照（CON）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B1）、氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（B2）及不施氮对照（CK）4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个水稻种植季稻田N₂O和CH₄排放,并估算增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,早稻季N₂O排放动态与土壤矿质氮含量密切相关,排放集中在水稻苗期与分蘖期施肥后,各处理早稻季N₂O累积排放量为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2,相较于CON处理,生物炭处理减排18%~43%,其中B2处理达显著水平;生物炭可能通过促进N₂O的还原减少早稻苗期N₂O排放;提高土壤硝态氮含量而增加了早稻分蘖期N₂O排放.晚稻季N₂O排放集中在抽穗期和成熟期,累积排放量为0.17~0.34 kg·hm^-2,B1处理减排37%,B2增加3%,差异均不显著.稻田CH₄排放高峰出现在早稻季后期与晚稻季前期.各处理早稻季CH₄累积排放量为3.11~14.87 kg·hm^-2,CK较CON处理增排39%,生物炭处理可能提高土壤通气性限制早稻季产CH₄能力,B1和B2处理分别较CON减排28%和71%;晚稻季CH₄累积排放量为53.1~146.3 kg·hm^-2,排放动态与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关,CK和B1分别较CON处理增加52%和99%,B2处理显著增加176% CH₄排放.早稻季B1和B2处理较CON分别增产12.0%和14.3%,晚稻季分别增产7.6%和0.4%.由于晚稻季甲烷排放的增加,施用生物炭增加了双季稻田总增温潜势（GWP）,其中高量生物炭达显著水平;不同施用量生物炭对双季稻田温室气体排放强度（GHGI）无显著影响.椰糠生物炭在热区稻田温室气体减排方面的应用仍需进一步研究.     

Background monitoring and long-range transport of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea

The background concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12were monitored to assess their impact on stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming from September 1995 to March 1999 at Kosan, Korea, located at eastern margin of the Asian Continent. The concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 at Kosan have decreased slightly, at a rate of –2.5 pptv yr^-1, over the period in response to the Montreal Protocol. The CFC-12 mixing ratio at Kosan continues to increase in the atmosphere at a rate of 5.7 pptv yr^-1 despite international regulations, because of its extreme atmosphere persistence. Recent trends ofthese two chlorofluorocarbons at Kosan, Korea were concordant with those of the northern hemispheric background monitored unitat Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratios of CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea, were 270±4 pptv inthe spring and 538±9 pptv in the winter, and the corresponding seasonal minima were 267±7 and 529±12 pptv. This occurred in the summer and was due to southeasterlywinds from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. By performing a three-day isentropic backward trajectory analysis, it was shownthat air masses at Kosan, and with the exception of summer, mainly originated from central and northern China. In particular, the mixing ratios of these two contaminant speciesare closely related with their air mass trajectories.     

Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil

Impacts of nutrient management on C mineralization and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission from soils have been of much concern in global change. Using laboratory incubation, the production of CH₄ and CO₂ were studied from both bulk samples and the particle size fractions (PSF) of topsoil from a paddy under a long-term different fertilization trial (including non (NF), chemical without (CF) and with manure (CFM) fertilization, respectively) in the Tai Lake Region, China. Four PSFs (2000–200, 200–20, 20–2, <2 μm) were separated from undisturbed samples collected after rice harvest by a low-energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Both the bulk samples and PSFs were incubated under submerged condition for 72 days. The concentration of CH₄ and CO₂ evolved during incubation were determined by gas chromatography. C mineralization rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.52 mg C g⁻¹ C day⁻¹, with different fertilizations and size of the PSFs, and were not correlated with C/N ratio. While CO₂ production predominated over CH₄ from C mineralization from both bulk samples and the size fractions, CH₄ production played a predominant role in the total global warming potential (GWP) under all treatments. C mineralization of bulk soil was significantly higher under CF than under CFM and NF. CH₄ production, however, was 3 times as under CFM and 27 times as under NF, indicating a tremendous effect of chemical fertilization alone on the total GWP. CO₂ production from the PSFs differed from CH₄ under a single treatment, which was notably from the coarse PSFs larger than 200 μm. Higher C mineralization and CH₄ production with a higher metabolic quotient under CF implicated a vulnerability of soil functioning of GHGs mitigation in the paddy receiving chemical fertilizers only. Thus, rational organic amendments should be undertaken for mitigating the climate change.     

富营养化与温度因素对太湖藻类生长的影响研究

为了研究气候变暖和富营养化对湖泊水生态系统的影响,应用阿列纽斯方程修正的Monod生长模型定量研究长期以来太湖藻类生物量与营养元素和温度的关系.研究表明,在近年来的富营养化状况下,年均气温每增加1.0℃,年均藻类生物量增加0.145倍.湖泊富营养化越严重.年平均气温对藻类生长的影响就越大,由此可以定量评估和预测年均气温...