地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作为研究对象,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜和对照(不覆膜)处理下稻油轮作CO2、CH4和N2O排放特征进行了为期1 a的原位观测.结果表明,稻-油轮作农田CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量均呈现出明显的季节变化,且2种处理下这3种温室气体的季节变化模式相似.覆膜处理下稻-油轮作农田全年CH_4排放量为(46. 14±13. 40) kg·hm~(-2),相比于对照处理下的(18. 61±2. 05) kg·hm~(-2),提高了147. 93%(P 0. 05),但覆膜对CO_2和N_2O的排放影响并不显著,覆膜及对照处理下CO2年排放量分别是(-47. 54±2. 11) t·hm~(-2)和(-47. 60±2. 19) t·hm~(-2),N2O年排放量分别是(18. 94±4. 74) kg·hm~(-2)和(23. 14±3. 68) kg·hm~(-2).覆膜和对照处理下GWP值分别为-41. 16 t·hm~(-2)和-40. 95 t·hm~(-2),表现为大气温室气体的吸收汇,但差异并不显著.     

稻田不同种类有机肥施用对后季麦田N2O排放的影响

以稻麦轮作系统为对象,研究水稻生长季基肥施用不同有机物料对后季麦田N₂O排放及年轮作系统CH₄和N₂O综合温室效应的影响.结果表明:与施用化肥(化肥处理)相比,施用菜饼加化肥(菜饼处理)对后季麦田N₂O排放量无影响;施用小麦秸秆加化肥(小麦秸秆处理)导致后季麦田的N₂O排放量减少15%;施用牛厩肥加化肥(牛厩肥处理)和猪厩肥加化肥(猪厩肥处理)分别增加29%和16%.就稻麦年轮作生长季总体而言,菜饼、牛厩肥和猪厩肥处理稻麦生长季N₂O排放总量较化肥处理分别增加6%、17%和7%,然而,小麦秸秆处理N₂O排放总量减少16%.20a或500a时间尺度上各处理稻田CH₄排放和该轮作周期水稻和小麦生长季N₂O排放的总GWP值由大到小的顺序分别为:菜饼处理>小麦秸秆处理>牛厩肥处理>猪厩肥处理>化肥处理或菜饼处理>牛厩肥处理>猪厩肥处理>小麦秸秆处理>化肥处理.单位产量的GWP以作物残体处理最高,农家肥其次,化肥处理最低.因此,稻田基施不同种类有机物料都相应地增加稻麦轮作系统CH₄和N₂O排放的综合温室效应.     

土壤呼吸和有机碳对增温的响应及其影响因素分析

增温是影响土壤呼吸和有机碳变化的一个重要因素,但近年来关于增温对土壤呼吸和有机碳影响的研究结果存在不一致的情况。本研究利用从国内外已发表的128篇研究论文中提取的有效数据进行Meta分析,探讨了增温对土壤呼吸和有机碳的影响。结果表明：（1）增温促进了土壤二氧化碳的排放并降低了土壤有机碳的含量,增温对土壤呼吸的影响程度（11.7%）明显大于对土壤有机碳的影响程度（4.4%）。（2）相较于其他生态系统,增温对森林生态系统的土壤呼吸和有机碳的影响程度最小,分别为9.3%、4.1%。（3）土壤呼吸对增温的响应与增温幅度之间呈二次负相关,且＜2℃的增温对土壤呼吸和有机碳的影响最大;增温时间的延长不利于土壤碳的释放,土壤呼吸作用随着增温时间延长对温度升高产生了一定的适应性。以上研究结果进一步强化了增温对土壤呼吸和有机碳影响的理解。     

太湖地区3种水稻土不同温度培养中有机碳库变化及其对升温的响应

全球变暖下土壤有机碳储存的变化是土壤与全球变化研究的热点问题.本研究选择了3种太湖地区代表性水稻土的表层土壤,分别进行20℃和25℃的室内恒温培养,监测培养过程中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的变化动态,试图了解这些土壤的有机碳分解过程对全球变暖的响应特点.结果表明,这些土壤培养中总有机碳变化可以用一级衰变动力学方程或对数衰减方程描述,但动力学特征依培养温度的不同而异.升温大大促进了铁渗水耕人为土和潜育水耕人为土中有机碳的分解与呼吸损失,而铁聚水耕人为土没有显著变化.供试土壤总有机碳损失的Q₁₀系数分别为:潜育水耕人为土(11.1～14.1)＞铁渗水耕人为土(4.4～6.4)＞铁聚水耕人为土(0.63～0.73).这一方面说明温度敏感性在同一地带的不同土壤间的差异超过文献上报道的不同气候带的差异,但另一方面揭示了水稻土可能是一类对全球升温敏感响应的人为土.溶解性有机碳和微生物量的碳的变化还提示不同温度培养下水稻土微生物群落结构可能改变,因而影响到土壤有机碳库的生物有效性在温度条件下的变化.可以认为,土壤升温下有机碳的变化不但与土壤有机碳的性质有关,而且与土壤性质控制下的生物条件的改变有关.故土壤升温下有机碳的损失不仅仅是温度对分解过程的反应速度的影响.当然,对于不同土壤间的这种差异还需从有机碳-土壤环境-土壤生物的相互关系上做进一步的工作.     

解决全球变暖问题,发达国家与发展中国家的分歧

本文论述了全球变暖对经济发展的影响。论述了在联合国气候变化峰会上,发达国家与发展中国家发生严重分歧。说明了我国坚持共同但有区别的责任原则,实现互利共赢,促进共同发展。会议无果而终。     

模拟升温对冰川前缘地微生物种群的影响

由于全球变暖影响,冰川处于不断退缩状态.本研究以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前缘地3个不同退缩年代的土样为研究对象,设置2个温度处理,分别为5℃与15℃,通过150d室内培养实验,探讨升温对冰川前缘地微生物种群的影响.结果表明,在原始样品中,随土壤样品退缩年代的增加,土壤总碳氮含量增加,微生物的数量及α多样性增加. 150d培养实验结果表明:细菌、古菌拷贝数随升温发生变化,但改变未达显著水平.此外,升温改变微生物群落结构,且对不同样点微生物群落结构影响不同.通过对升温后变化显著的优势OTUs进行分析,退缩年代较短的样点对升温响应更为明显,主要表现为Thiobacillus属相对丰度的升高.结果表明,冰川前缘地微生物对变暖响应的土壤异质性,其结果可为高山冰川地区升温下微生物的特征变化提供参考信息.     

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

Numerous experiments for the impact of warming climate on the phenology and grain yield of winter wheat

Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.     

温度对金钟藤光合特性的影响

研究了在温度升高(15~35℃)的过程中,离体金钟藤(Merremiaboisiana(Gagn.)vanOoststr.)的一些光合生理指标的变化。结果表明,在15~30℃时,随着温度升高,金钟藤的最大光合速率、光补偿点、气孔导度、胞间CO2摩尔分数、光量子利用率、蒸腾速率都随之升高。在外界环境的光照,CO2摩尔分数和湿度一致的条件下,温度升高能促使金钟藤生长加速,合成更多的有机物。所以,全球气候变暖可能是金钟藤爆发成为有害植物的重要原因之一。     

Roles of male residence and relative size in the social behavior of Iberian rock lizards, Lacerta monticola

Many studies on contest competition used residency asymmetry as a discrete variable. However, the probability of winning an interaction may change as a continuous function of the value of the location where the encounter occurs. We performed a field study to examine the importance of location within a home range and relative body size to the outcomes of agonistic interactions between male lizards, Lacerta monticola. The distances to activity centers (the most used locations based on a density function of sightings) and relative size play important roles in agonistic interactions and had interacting effects in natural conditions. On the other hand, previous studies with lizards suggested that inferior competitors are able to avoid agonistic interactions in the field. Thus, we staged encounters in the laboratory to examine the behavioral responses of smaller individuals. The responses of each focal smaller male were measured in its own home cage (resident), in the cage of a larger male (intruder) and in a cage in which no male was previously present (control). The predominant behavioral tactics of smaller males were avoidance when they are the intruders and displaying when they are the residents. Submissive displays by smaller males may help reduce the costs of agonistic encounters.