水中苯、笨酚在有机膨润土上的共同吸附作用研究

研究了水中苯和苯酚在系列有机膨润土上的共同吸附作用。结果表明，有机膨润土对混合溶质水溶液中极性有机物苯酚的吸附能力强于对单一溶质水溶液中2种有机物的吸附能力，表现出较强的协同吸附能力。协同吸附作用主要由吸附态的有机物进一步增强了有机物在有机膨润土上的分配作用所致。溶液中高浓义苯酚的存在使有机膨润土对苯的吸附能力减弱。     

重金属离子Pb2+在石油污染土壤中的吸附作用

对比研究了3种土壤(新疆砂土、粘土和东北黑土)及其被石油不同程度污染后对水中重金属离子Pb^2 的吸附作用。结果表明，3种原土壤及油污土壤对Pb^2 的吸附均符合Langmuir等温式；原土壤上Pb^2 的饱和吸附量为黑土＞＞粘土＞砂土；在一定范围内，砂土、粘土中石油的存在对其吸附重金属离子Pb^2 的能力影响较小，而黑土对Pb^2 的吸附能力则随所含石油量的增大而迅速减少。     

微波消解技术在沉积物样品重金属元素分析中的应用

通过利用微波消解—原子吸收法测定标准河流沉积物样品中重金属元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn的含量，优化了微波消解的工作条件，并与电热板消解法进行了比对试验。结果表明，微波消解法与传统方法相比无显著性差异，且高效快速、试剂消耗量少、节约能源。     

Deposition of Inorganic Particulate Aerosols to Vegetation - A New Method of Estimating

A new, direct method was developed for quantifying inorganic particulate aerosols trapped by the forest canopy, and for determining the resulting input of elements to a forest ecosystem. The method is based on direct measurements of only six parameters. Using this method, it is possible to determine the load of aerosols trapped by the forest canopy and deposited to leaves, as well as the load of aerosols falling to the forest floor by impaction on plants. It is also possible to estimate the aerosol input of soluble and insoluble elements to an ecosystem. With this new method it has been found that the load of aerosols trapped by the canopy of a mixed forest located in the Rybnik Coal Basin averaged 189.0 kg x ha-1 x growing season-1, or 39.3% of the total inorganic particles reaching the ecosystem. The trapped aerosols provided 13.4 kg x ha-1 of soluble nitrogen and 0.91 kg x ha-1 of insoluble nitrogen over the growing season. At the same time, the input of soluble nitrogen from the atmosphere with rainfall to an open area averaged 13.9 kg x ha-1, and the input of insoluble nitrogen with inorganic dusts averaged 1.4 kg x ha-1.     

加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法。以丙酮/正己烷(V∶V=1∶1)为萃取溶剂,在120℃和10. 3 MPa条件下静态萃取7 min,循环3次,石墨化炭黑串接氨丙基键合硅胶固相萃取柱净化,HP-5MS UI色谱柱分离,优化了提取和分析过程的重要条件。方法检出限为0. 001~0. 012 mg/kg,土壤中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为68. 3%~123%和75. 3%~115%,沉积物中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为67. 1%~120%和78. 6%~110%,单一目标物的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<20%(n=6)。实验结果表明,该方法消耗溶剂少、效率高、检出限低、精密度和准确度好,适用于土壤和沉积物中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的测定。     

金汞齐富集—冷原子吸收法测定大气中的微量汞

本文介绍了大气中微量汞的一种监测方法,利用汞富集解析器富集大气中的微量汞.解析后用冷原子吸收法测定.研究了FJ-1型汞富集解析器与WYX-405原子吸收分光光度计联用的工作条件,相对标准偏差为1.7％.     

中国和美国冷原子吸收分光光度法测汞的比较

我国已加入WTO，国际间的合作日益加强。环境监测部门不仅要了解本国本行业的规范，还应了解世界，了解国外的标准分析方法。对中国和美国的4种冷原子吸收分光光度法测定汞作了比较；提出用冷原子吸收分光光度法测定汞时，应按照不同的样品及不同的要求，选择合适的方法以实现质量控制的要求。     

非全量消解-悬浮液进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅

试验了用非全量消解—悬浮液直接进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定煤灰中的铜和铅，结果表明：铜和铅的方法检出限(3σ)分别为0．038mg／L和0．23mg／L，测定吸光度与其浓度的线性范围均为0．5mg／L—5．0mg／L，样品加标回收率在87％—97％之间，相对标准差(n＝4)小于7％。     

悬浮液进样石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定土壤、底泥中的铅、镓、钴、镍

介绍一种悬浮液进样直接测定土壤、底泥中多种微量金属元素的快速分析方法。基体改进剂的使用，适宜的原子化温度的选择，使用水相标准溶液作校准曲线成为可能．对标准作品的测定证明了此方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规环境样品分析．     

A Comparison of Aerial and Ground Level Measurements of 137Cs in the Marshall Islands

The purpose of this paper is to present and compare two independent sets of environmental gamma spectrometry measurements of¹³⁷ Cs collected nearly 14 years apart. One set of data was collected in 1978 by a contractor of the U.S. Department of Energy during an aerial radiological survey of the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands. That program used helicopter mounted sodium-iodide scintillation detectors; measurements were made from an altitude of 38 m. The second measurement program was conducted from early 1990 through late 1994 by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Government in a survey of the entire nation. This latter program used ground level in situ gamma spectrometry with high-purity germanium detectors. In this comparison, we highlight differences between the findings of the two studies and probable reasons for those differences, though we also discuss the effectiveness of the two techniques for monitoring the ionizing radiation environment. In the comparison of exposure rates from ¹³⁷Cs, fair agreement was noted after accounting for radioactive decay during the intervening years. Though the distributions were statistically different over their entire range, they were nearly identical above 1 R h^-1. There was considerable difference in the estimates of¹³⁷ Cs inventory; the difference was greater at low activity levels with the NaI measurements consistently larger than the in situ measurements. Reasons for this difference is attributed to three factors which differed between the two studies: (1) the assumed penetration of the cesium into the soil column, (2) the assumption of soil density, and (3) differences in the ability of the two different detector systems to reject interfering spectral contributions. Precise measurement of the lowest levels has implications for determining those atolls that exceeded the deposition of ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout. This issue is discussed in addition to a comparison of the findings from the two measurement programs.