Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

CuO-CeO2/AC吸附燃煤烟气中元素汞的实验研究

通过活性炭负载CuO和CeO2来制备吸附剂,采用固定床吸附方式,在不同反应条件下对吸附剂的吸附性能进行测试,筛选出去除效率最好的吸附剂,并通过BET和XRD对吸附剂的理化性质进行分析。结果表明,CuO和CeO2的加入大大改变了原活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,改善了活性炭的吸附性能。CuO-CeO2/AC中CuO和CeO2质量比不同,对汞的去除效率也不同,在1∶2时去除效率最好;CuO-CeO2/AC中所负载的CuO和CeO的总量为5%时,能大大促进汞的吸附效率,增长有效吸附时间;CuO-CeO2/AC对汞的吸附性能随反应温度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,在80℃时达到最大值。     

电厂燃煤过程中汞控制技术研究

燃煤电厂汞控制技术分燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后脱汞,燃烧后脱汞技术为主要汞控制排放工艺,其中吸附剂吸附方法的研究较为广泛。基于国内外近几年燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术的研究,综述了汞控制技术的最新进展。     

色谱质谱联用技术在一起农药污染事故应急监测中的应用

在一起污染源应急事故中,色谱质谱联用技术在确定污染源类型,并快速做出准确定性定量分析中发挥了重要作用。通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术,首先确定可能污染物类型为三嗪类化合物;之后,通过液相色谱-串连质谱全扫描,推断可能为三嗪类除草剂——甲磺隆。正、负ESI子离子全扫描后图谱与甲磺隆标准物质图谱相对照,完全吻合。最后,通过SRM模式下对380.0→139.0的母、子离子选择反应监测,测定了农田灌溉水源和土壤中甲磺隆的含量。     

柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气

研究了采用柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气的效果。实验结果表明：按装车挥发油气中的总烃体积分数为20.88%、装车挥发油气流量为280 m³/h、年运行时间为2 668 h计,装置年回收油气量为291 t,装置年最大运行功率为206.770 MW,装置投资回收期为3 a;处理后净化气中的总烃体积分数为1.24%,排放质量浓度低于25 g/m³,油气回收率达95%。处理后净化气满足GB 20950—2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》,取得了较好的环保效益和经济效益。     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

抗铬菌株的筛选鉴定及其生物学特性和吸附特性

利用微生物分离纯化技术,在培养基中加入不同浓度的Cr3+、Cr6+,经过长时间驯化,从污染土壤中筛选出2株对Cr具有较高抗性的菌株(A和B),对其进行了形态、生理生化特性及分子生物学鉴定,并研究了其最佳生长条件及对Cr3+的生物吸附规律。结果表明,菌株A和B分别为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和米根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae)。菌株A和B的最适生长pH值均为7,最适生长温度均为30℃,最佳装液量为80~100 mL(250 mL摇瓶)。在培养时间一定时,随着Cr3+浓度的增加,菌株对Cr3+的吸附率减少,而生物吸附量则逐渐增大;在Cr3+浓度一定时,随着培养时间的延长,菌体对Cr3+的吸附率呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,这与生物吸附量的变化趋势基本一致。在Cr3+浓度为100 mg/L时,菌株A和B对Cr3+的吸附率达到最大,分别为51.47%和46.36%。     

膜吸收法净化低浓度甲醛和氨气简

基于膜吸收技术自制双层平板式膜吸收器,搭建净化低浓度甲醛和氨气污染模拟系统,考察不同膜结构参数、进气流量、吸收剂流量等因素对其净化效果的影响。结果表明,聚偏氟乙烯PVDF对低浓度甲醛和氨气的净化效率高于聚四氟乙烯PTFE。对同一材质膜,随着膜孔隙率的增大,甲醛和氨气的净化率呈上升趋势。随着进气流量的增加,甲醛和氨气的净化效率降低;而吸收剂流量对其净化效率影响不大。对于所有实验条件,平均膜孔径为0.22 μm的PVDF 4^#在进气流量u_g=120 L/h时,甲醛和氨气的净化效率最高,分别达94.7%和96.3%。     

A method for determining the analytical form of a radionuclide depth distribution using multiple gamma spectrometry measurements

When characterizing environmental radioactivity, whether in the soil or within concrete building structures undergoing remediation or decommissioning, it is highly desirable to know the radionuclide depth distribution. This is typically modeled using continuous analytical expressions, whose forms are believed to best represent the true source distributions. In situ gamma ray spectroscopic measurements are combined with these models to fully describe the source. Currently, the choice of analytical expressions is based upon prior experimental core sampling results at similar locations, any known site history, or radionuclide transport models. This paper presents a method, employing multiple in situ measurements at a single site, for determining the analytical form that best represents the true depth distribution present. The measurements can be made using a variety of geometries, each of which has a different sensitivity variation with source spatial distribution. Using non-linear least squares numerical optimization methods, the results can be fit to a collection of analytical models and the parameters of each model determined. The analytical expression that results in the fit with the lowest residual is selected as the most accurate representation. A cursory examination is made of the effects of measurement errors on the method.     

超声波提取-恒波长同步荧光法测定淡水藻中叶绿素a的含量

针对绿藻,采用超声波提取,以荧光激发-发射波长差216nm,建立了同步荧光法测定绿藻叶绿素a含量的新方法,其线性范围为0.02～1.25 mg/L,检出限为1.6ug/L,加标回收率在97.0%～104%之间。与分光光度法测定叶绿素a的对比试验结果表明,两者无显著性差异,但该方法具有快速、灵敏,其他常见色素不干扰测定的优点,能够满足供水中绿藻叶绿素a含量快速检测的需要。