基因工程菌生物强化处理系统微生物群落分析

在膜-生物反应器(MBR)和传统活性污泥反应器(CAS)中,考察了基因程菌生物强化对阿特拉津的去除效果,并通过PCRDGGE分析了反应器不同运行阶段污泥微生物群落的变化.结果表明,基因工程菌生物强化实现了阿特拉津的高效生物去除,MBR和CAS阿特拉津平均去除率分别达到88.6％和85.3％.阿特拉津生物强化去除有助于反...     

Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

掺氮Ta2O5诱发可见光-类Fenton体系降解阿特拉津研究

通过制备具有强可见光吸收和活性的半导体掺氮Ta2O5,利用其可见光Fe3+还原活性,实现了可见光-类Fenton体系有效地降解阿特拉津.结果表明,氨气流量0.3 L.min-1、700℃氮化时间6 h制备出的掺氮Ta2O5在可见光下还原Fe3+的能力最佳;阿特拉津降解效果与各种操作条件———光强、催化剂投加量、Fe3+、H2O2、阿特拉津初始浓度及pH值有关,并通过H2O2的分解揭示影响的原因.在pH为2.6、[atrazine]0=18 mg.L-1、[H2O2]0=2.5 mmol.L-1、[Fe3+]0=0.5 mmol.L-1、掺氮Ta2O5投加量为0.6 g.L-1、500 W氙灯照射下,反应60 min时,阿特拉津的降解率为97%.该研究为可见光-类Fenton体系降解有机污染物的实际应用提供了基础数据和理论指导.     

WALNUT CREEK WATERSHED MONITORING PROJECT,IOWA MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN RESPONSE TO PRAIRIE RESTORATION1

ABSTRACT: Land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides (1995 to 1997) are reported for the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project, Jasper County Iowa. The Walnut Creek project was established in 1995 as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monitoring project utilizes a paired‐watershed approach (Walnut and Squaw creeks) as well as upstream/downstream comparisons on Walnut for analysis and tracking of trends. From 1992 to 1997, 13.4 percent of the watershed was converted from row crop to native prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed. Including another 6 percent of watershed farmed on a cash‐rent basis, land use changes have been implemented on 19.4 percent of the watershed by the USFWS. Nitrogen and pesticide applications were reduced an estimated 18 percent and 28 percent in the watershed from land use changes. Atrazine was detected most often in surface water with frequencies of detection ranging from 76–86 percent. No significant differences were noted in atrazine concentrations between Walnut and Squaw Creek. Nitrate‐N concentrations measured in both watersheds were similar; both basins showed a similar pattern of detection and an overall reduction in nitrate‐N concentrations from upstream to downstream monitoring sites. Water quality improvements are suggested by nitrate‐N and chloride ratios less than one in the Walnut Creek watershed and low nitrate‐N concentrations measured in the subbasin of Walnut Creek containing the greatest amount of land use changes. Atrazine and nitrate‐N concentrations from the lower portion of the Walnut Creek watershed (including the prairie restoration area) may be decreasing in relation to the upstream untreated component of the watershed. The frequencies of pesticide detections and mean nitrate‐N concentrations appear related to the percentage of row crop in the basins and subbasins. Although some results are encouraging, definitive water quality improvements have not been observed during the first three years of monitoring. Possible reasons include: (1) more time is needed to adequately detect changes; (2) the size of the watershed is too large to detect improvements; (3) land use changes are not located in the area of the watershed where they would have greatest effect; or (4) water quality improvements have occurred but have been missed by the project monitoring design. Longer‐term monitoring will allow better evaluation of the impact of restoration activities on water quality.     

Vegetative Buffer Strips for Reducing Herbicide Transport in Runoff: Effects of Buffer Width,Vegetation, and Season

The effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) for reducing herbicide transport has not been well documented for runoff prone soils. A multi‐year plot‐scale study was conducted on an eroded claypan soil with the following objectives: (1) assess the effects of buffer width, vegetation, and season on runoff transport of atrazine (ATR), metolachlor (MET), and glyphosate; (2) develop VBS design criteria for herbicides; and (3) compare differences in soil quality among vegetation treatments. Rainfall simulation was used to create uniform antecedent soil water content and to generate runoff. Vegetation treatment and buffer width impacted herbicide loads much more than season. Grass treatments reduced herbicide loads by 19‐28% and sediment loads by 67% compared to the control. Grass treatments increased retention of dissolved‐phase herbicides by both infiltration and adsorption, but adsorption accounted for the greatest proportion of retained herbicide load. This latter finding indicated VBS can be effective on poorly drained soils or when the source to buffer area ratio is high. Grass treatments modestly improved surface soil quality 8‐13 years after establishment, with significant increases in organic C, total N, and ATR and MET sorption compared to continuously tilled control. Herbicide loads as a function of buffer width were well described by first‐order decay models which indicated VBS can provide significant load reductions under anticipated field conditions.     

基因工程菌生物强化MBR工艺处理阿特拉津试验研究

以生活污水为共基质,考察了基因工程菌在MBR和活性污泥反应器中对阿特拉津的生物强化处理效果,以及生物强化处理对污泥性状的影响.结果表明,基因工程菌在MBR中对阿特拉津具有很好的生物强化处理效果,阿特拉津平均出水浓度为0.84 mg/L,平均去除率为95%,最大去除负荷可以达到70 mg/(L·d).生物强化的MBR对生活污水中COD的平均去除率为71%,COD平均出水浓度65 mg/L,COD容积负荷增加对COD去除效果有一定影响;对生活污水中的氨氮具有很好的去除效果,氨氮平均出水浓度为1.1 mg/L,平均去除率为97%,最大氨氮去除负荷为143 mg/(L·d).与普通MBR污泥相比,生物强化MBR污泥的硝化活性和亚硝化活性略高,碳氧化活性略低,因此表现出氨氮处理效果很好,COD处理效果略差.阿特拉津的存在会对污泥性状产生影响,可能是造成污泥碳氧化活性低的原因.     

羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化去除水中阿特拉津

以实验室制备的羟基氧化铁(FeOOH)为催化剂,研究了其催化臭氧氧化去除水中痕量阿特拉津的效能,并对影响催化效果因素及降解机理进行了探讨。在本实验条件下,反应8 min时催化氧化阿特拉津的去除率比单独臭氧氧化高出63.2%,而FeOOH对阿特拉津的吸附量很小,结果表明,FeOOH对臭氧氧化水中的痕量阿特拉津具有明显的催化活性。探讨了催化剂投量、pH、阿特拉津初始浓度和重碳酸盐碱度对催化氧化阿特拉津的影响。催化剂最佳投量为150 mg/L,去除率随pH和阿特拉津初始浓度的增加而升高,重碳酸盐浓度为200 mg/L时催化作用受到明显抑制。通过研究叔丁醇对催化反应的影响间接推断了催化反应的机理,叔丁醇作为羟基自由基抑制剂有效地抑制了水中羟基自由基的生成和它对阿特拉津的氧化反应,间接证明这种催化作用遵循羟基自由基的反应机理。     

化学改性活性炭对水中阿特拉津的吸附去除

以5 mol/L HNO3,40%NaOH及5%H2O2对活性炭进行化学改性,采用序批式实验研究了活性炭改性前后对阿特拉津(AT)的吸附平衡特性,并以Langmuir和Freundlich模型对吸附等温线进行了拟合。结合活性炭改性前后孔结构和表面化学的变化特征,探讨了不同改性方法对AT吸附去除的影响效应。结果表明:活性炭经5 mol/L HNO3改性后对AT的吸附性能显著降低;而5%H2O2和40%NaOH改性炭对AT的吸附能力较原炭明显增强,且40%NaOH改性炭的吸附能力大于5%H2O2改性炭。原炭及改性炭对AT的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型。HNO3改性炭对AT吸附的降低主要是由于表面酸性基团的增加引起的;H2O2改性炭对AT吸附能力的提高主要是由于比表面积的增大引起的;而NaOH改性炭对AT吸附能力的提高是由比表面积增大和表面碱性基团增加共同作用的结果。几种改性炭和原炭对AT去除率的大小顺序依次为:NaOH改性炭>H2O2改性炭>原炭>HNO3改性炭。     

Herbicide movement and dissipation at four midwestern sites

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropyl‐1, 3, 5‐triazine) and alachlor (2‐chIoro‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide) dissipation and movement to shallow aquifers across the Northern Sand Plains region of the United States. Sites were located at Minnesota on a Zimmerman fine sand, North Dakota on Hecla sandy loam, South Dakota on a Brandt silty clay loam, and Wisconsin on a Sparta sand. Herbicide concentrations were determined in soil samples taken to 90 cm four times during the growing season and water samples taken from the top one m of aquifer at least once every three months. Herbicides were detected to a depth of 30 cm in Sparta sand and 90 cm in all other soils. Some aquifer samples from each site contained atrazine with the highest concentration in the aquifer beneath the Sparta sand (1.28 μg L^‐1). Alachlor was detected only once in the aquifer at the SD site. The time to 50% atrazine dissipation (DT₅₀) in the top 15 cm of soil averaged about 21 d in Sparta and Zimmerman sands and more than 45 d for Brandt and Hecla soils. Atrazine DT₅₀ was correlated positively with % clay and organic carbon (OC), and negatively with % fine sand. Alachlor DT₅₀ ranged from 12 to 32 d for Zimmerman and Brandt soils, respectively, and was correlated negatively with % clay and OC and positively with % sand.     

Distribution of the herbicide atrazine in a microcosm with riparian forest plants

Pesticides applied on sugarcane reach the subsoil of riparian forests and probably contaminate the river water. This work was conducted to learn about the phytoremediation of atrazine and subsoil contamination using the common riparian forest species of Cecropia hololeuca Miq. and Trema micranta (L.) Blum. These plants were grown in soil microcosms where ¹⁴C-atrazine at 1/10 of the field-recommended dose was applied at the bottom of the microcosm simulating the movement from contaminated ground water to the upper soil layers and into plants. Residues of ¹⁴C-atrazine were detected in all parts of the microcosm including soil, rhizosphere and the roots in different layers of the microcosm, stem and leaves. Atrazine mineralization was higher (10.2%) in the microcosms with plants than the control microcosms without plants (1.2%). The upward movement of this pesticide from deeper to more superficial soil layers occurred in all the microcosms with plants, powered by evapotranspiration process. From the atrazine applied in this study about 45% was taken up by C. hololeuca and 35% by T. micrantha. The highest amount of radioactivity (%) was found in the fine roots and the specific radioactivity (% g^?1) showed that thick, fine roots and leaves bioaccumulate atrazine. The enhanced mineralization of atrazine as well the phytostabilization effect of the tree biomass will reduce the bioavailability of these residues and consequently decrease the hazardous effects on the environment.