基因工程菌生物强化膜-生物反应器工艺启动期影响因素研究

基因工程菌生物强化膜-生物反应器工艺经过启动期之后,可以实现对阿特拉津的高效稳定去除,去除率在90%以上.不同条件下,启动期最短2 d,最长可达12 d.阿特拉津初始进水负荷、运行温度和工程菌接种密度,对启动期具有显著影响.增加阿特拉津初始进水负荷、提高运行温度和增加基因工程菌接种密度,可以实现快速启动.进水水质对启动期影响不大,在人工配水和实际污水2种进水条件下,启动期基本相同,而且稳定期2种进水的阿特拉津去除情况也没有差异,说明进水水质对启动期和稳定期阿特拉津的去除影响都不大.     

寒地黑土中阿特拉津降解菌的筛选及降解特性

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层(0～10 cm)取样。利用富集培养的方法,筛选到2株阿特拉津降解菌,编号Z₉和Z₄₂。Z₉以阿特拉津为惟一碳氮源生长,Z₄₂以阿特拉津为惟一氮源生长,15 d对阿特拉津的降解率分别为77.7%和65.6%。对其初步鉴定并对降解特性进行研究,结果表明,细菌Z9为微杆菌属（Microbacterium sp.）,细菌Z₄₂为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)。在室内进行降解条件优化实验,得出2株降解菌对100 mg/L阿特拉津的最佳降解条件为：温度30℃,Z₉ pH值为7,Z₄₂ pH值为8。     

Atrazine leaching through surface and subsurface of a tropical Oxisol

The fate of ¹⁴C atrazine was investigated using microcosms and an undisturbed Red-Yellow Latossol (Oxisol) under simulated rainfall conditions of 200 mm water month^?1. Experiments were carried out using microcosm cores, the first with an uncovered surface soil; the second set with uncovered subsurface soil; the third with subsurface soil covered with 3 cm of cow manure and the last with subsurface soil covered with 5 cm of grass straw. Average values for the amount of atrazine leached after 60 days were as follows: surface soil 1.6%; subsurface 47.3%; subsurface plus manure 17.3% and subsurface plus straw 24.8%. In the surface soil, 53% of the ¹⁴C atrazine remained within the upper 1 cm, while in the subsurface microcosms the atrazine was more evenly distributed. The authors report that surface soil was retained atrazine and its metabolites for 60 days. The addition of a straw or manure covering to exposed subsoil helped to retard atrazine leaching.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.     

Field calibration of surface: A model of agricultural chemicals in surface waters

Abstract

Agricultural chemicals sporadically occur at detectable levels in the surface waters of intensively farmed watersheds. HSPF, a previously released model of agricultural chemicals in surface water, had been used to predict concentrations which were much higher (10 X) than those actually observed during monitoring studies. A new model, SURFACE, is described here which is much simpler than HSPF and gives better predictions of surface water concentrations. SURFACE uses PRZM, an EPA model, to calculate edge‐of‐field runoff losses and simple hydraulic routing algorithms to determine concentrations at the bottom of large river basins. In water systems sampled during 1985 and 1986, SURFACE predictions of annualized mean concentrations for alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were within 0.09 ppb half of the time.     

不同实验条件下阿特拉津的生物降解研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌,进行了不同的pH值(pH=5.0～10.0)、不同的温度4～20℃条件下污染质阿特拉津的降解实验。结果表明,AT菌在pH值为5.0～10.0时对农药污染质阿特拉津均具有降解能力,且适宜的pH值范围为6.5～8.0;在4～20℃的实验温度范围内,AT菌能够降解代谢污染质,并随温度的升高,降解能力增强。20℃时降解率为38.84%。模拟治理中,设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到31.08%。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中痕量有机磷和阿特拉津农药

采用PA萃取纤维吸附水中敌敌畏、乐果、内吸磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷等6种有机磷和阿特拉津农药,在气相色谱-质谱仪进样口热解吸后进行检测.筛选比较了几种萃取纤维,优化了萃取方式、萃取时间、离子强度、pH、解吸温度和解吸时间等萃取条件.方法适用于多类型水体中6种有机磷和阿特拉津农药的分析.     

绿色荧光蛋白标记阿特拉津降解基因工程菌的特性

通过转化绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒,对阿特拉津降解基因工程菌进行标记.转化后,绿色荧光蛋白在细胞内表达情况良好.在含抗生素的LB培养基中,绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平高于LB培养基和基础培养基.在细胞生长的稳定期,绿色荧光蛋白表达水平高于停滞期和对数生长期.绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒转化和表达,不会对基因工程菌原有的降解能力产生影响,而且绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平和降解活性存在接近线形的正相关关系.荧光蛋白标记细胞投加到反应器活性污泥中,会以2种状态存在:游离态和附着态,而且初期游离态细胞的数量大于附着态细胞的数量.     

镍/铁二元金属对莠去津脱氯特性的影响

为了考察Ni/Fe二元金属对莠去津的催化还原特性,分别以Fe粉和Ni/Fe体系作为还原和催化剂,在酸性条件下对莠去津的脱氯特性进行比较,并讨论了pH值,Ni/Fe配比以及金属添加量等因素对莠去津脱氯效率的影响.结果表明:与Fe粉比较,Ni/Fe体系对莠去津具有很明显的催化脱氯特性.在pH=2时,1.22%(W/W)Ni/Fe体系30min对莠去津的脱氯效率大于90%,相同条件下用Fe粉还原时,90min脱氯效率仅为22.21%通过Fe粉和Ni/Fe表面形态的比较以及实验结果的分析,对Ni/Fe体系的催化还原脱氯机理进行了初步探讨.     

Estimating upper percentiles of surface water monitoring data with sparse samples

The estimation of upper percentiles of chemical concentrations in surface water systems within sites and regions may be necessary for the assessment of potential risk to ecosystems and human health. Limited sample sizes at monitoring sites often limit the use of direct methods to estimate upper percentiles. In such cases, upper percentiles within regions within a time frame may be estimated by pooling data across sites and years, and then deriving percentile estimates from the pooled dataset. The method uses the observations resulting from either a known probability-sampling design or a sampling design treated like one because its observations come close to matching that of a probability-sample. These observations are then weighted to ensure that estimates are representative of a target population across all the sites within the region and the range of years in the time frame. This method of estimating upper percentiles of annual site concentration profiles is demonstrated using atrazine and validated using the monitoring data from both sparsely sampled and high-frequency water monitoring programs, where point and interval estimates of the 90th, 95th, and 99th pooled population percentiles are provided. This method shows that the pooled data from multiple sparse datasets can be used to provide estimates of near-peak concentrations with greater certainty, which are consistent with those generated by high-frequency sampling monitoring programs.