除草剂莠去津对长期定位施肥土壤中酶活性的影响

研究了除草剂莠去津对4种长期定位施肥处理土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性的影响．不同肥力处理的不施肥对照土壤、NPK肥土壤、NPK+秸秆和NPK+有机肥土壤中,4种酶受莠去津影响有明显差别．在莠去津处理初期,土壤中的脲酶活性受到不同程度地刺激作用,中期和后期土壤中的脲酶活性均受到抑制．其中NPK+有机肥土壤中的脲酶活性受到的抑制程度随着处理时间的延长而增加．在整个处理过程中NPK+秸秆土壤中的磷酸酶活性几乎不受莠去津抑制．其它3种土壤中的磷酸酶活性都不同程度地受到抑制,而且对照土壤受到的抑制程度最深．NPK土壤中的脱氢酶活性在处理初期受到刺激作用,中期和后期都受到抑制．其它3种土壤在处理初期和中期都受到抑制作用,但是后期抑制作用消失．NPK土壤和NPK+有机肥土壤中的蔗糖酶活性始终受到不同程度的激活,而且在处理后期激活作用加强．对照土壤中蔗糖酶受莠去津的影响较小,NPK+秸秆土壤中的蔗糖酶活性始终受到抑制作用．土壤中添加莠去津为5mg·kg-1时,处理16d的4种酶平均酶活性与不添加莠去津的土壤中平均酶活性没有显著差异．     

强化反硝化条件下地下水中阿特拉津的生物降解研究

利用所筛选的(从吉林市农药厂下水污泥中分离得到)实验菌种A1,在强化反硝化的厌氧条件下进行阿特拉津的降解实验研究,研究结果表明:降解的最适条件为pH=7,温度为20℃,NO_3~-浓度为30mg/L(当阿特拉津浓度为29.89mg/L时),菌的初始接种量为5.6×10~6个/mL。模拟温度为10℃的地下水环境,21天内菌对阿特拉津的降解率可以达到65.7%,虽然低于好氧条件下83.6%的降解率,但不需要向地下水中通氧,从而可降低处理成本。     

TRANSPORT AND FATE OF ATRAZINE IN MIDWESTERN RIPARIAN BUFFER STRIPS1

ABSTRACT: The fate of pesticides entering the Riparian Buffer Strips (RBS) has not been well documented. This study compared the transport and fate of atrazine in soil of three‐, five‐, and nine‐year‐old switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) RBS to that in adjacent soils cropped to a corn‐soybean rotation or a grass‐alfalfa pasture. Undisturbed soil columns were collected from the RBS and cropped areas within the Bear Creek watershed, near Roland, Iowa. Atrazine and bromide breakthrough curves obtained using intact soil columns under saturated conditions were described by a two‐region, mobile‐immobile transport model. Preferential flow of bromide and atrazine was evident in five‐and nine‐year‐old RBS soil, but there was little difference in transport characteristics between these two RBS soils and the adjacent cropped soils. There was a trend towards an increase in dispersion coefficients between the five‐and nine‐year‐old RBS sites, which suggests an increased degree of preferential flow with increasing RBS age. Despite similar texture and organic C contents, atrazine sorption was significantly greater in RBS soil than the adjacent cropped soil. Cropped soil degraded atrazine faster than the RBS soil. The rapid degradation of atrazine in the corn‐soybean soil adjacent to the five‐year‐old RBS (atrazine half‐life of 19 days) appeared to be due to a larger population of atrazine‐degrading microorganisms. Atrazine‐degrading microorganisms in the corn‐soybean soil were 50,940 cells g^‐1 soil compared with 2,970 cells g^‐4 soil in 5‐year‐old RBS soil which resulted in 60 percent mineralization of [¹⁴C‐UL‐atrazine] in the corn‐soybean soil.     

Potential of rice husk ash in atrazine removal

An experimental study was carried out to explore the possibility of using a prepared microporous material, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as an alternative to the commercial Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), to remove atrazine (ATZ) pesticide from aqueous solution. The effects of contact time and pH on the adsorption were studied using the batch technique. Based on Hückel model calculations, the zwitterion behaviour of atrazine molecule was proved to be related to the pH of zero charge point of adsorbents (6.8 for RHA and 8.2 for PAC). The results showed that the Pseudo Second Order model is applicable to both adsorbents, suggesting that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model in the case of RHA, whereas the Freundlich model better fitted the equilibrium data in the PAC case, suggesting the existence of multi-layer adsorption of atrazine. The adsorption for RHA was found to be feasible and spontaneous, with a removal capacity of atrazine of more than 7?mg?g^?1. With regard to the BET surface, this removal capacity (50.5?µg_ATZ / m²_RHA) was 25% better than that PAC (37.75µg_ATZ / m²_PAC).     

淡水水生生物对阿特拉津除草剂的敏感度

针对水环境中普遍存在的农药污染问题,以阿特拉津除草剂作为研究对象,梳理、整合阿特拉津对水生生态系统中不同营养级水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,构建了基于对数-逻辑斯蒂分布的水生生物物种敏感度分布模型,分析并对比了阿特拉津对不同类群和不同区系水生生物急慢性毒性敏感度差异. 结果表明,水生动物和植物、无脊椎动物(包括甲壳类、昆虫类、软体动物和蠕虫类)和脊椎动物(包括鱼类和两栖类动物)对阿特拉津敏感度均存在显著差异. 分析了阿特拉津对不同类群水生生物的HC₅(5%危险浓度)值,其中对水生动物和植物的急性毒性HC₅值分别为4257.94和12.55μg/L,慢性毒性的HC₅值分别为2.47和1.95μg/L;对水生脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的HC₅值分别为7490.31和1611.76μg/L;对甲壳类和鱼类的HC₅值分别为1201.16和6639.90μg/L. 在保护95%的物种水平下,不同类群试验生物对阿特拉津的敏感度排序为水生植物>水生动物、水生无脊椎动物>水生脊椎动物、甲壳类动物>鱼类. 从统计学角度分析,中国水生动物与北美水生动物对阿特拉津的敏感度差异不显著. 但是,中美两国间相对特有水生动物物种对阿特拉津的敏感度存在一定的差异.      

固相反硝化同时去除地下水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津的试验研究

以稻草秸秆作为固相反硝化的碳源和载体,采用自行设计的有机玻璃反应柱研究固相反硝化对地下水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津同时去除的效果。结果表明,当硝酸盐初始浓度分别为50,100 mg/L时,出水硝酸盐浓度在5 d内均达到较高去除率。当硝酸盐的初始浓度提高至150 mg/L时,硝酸盐去除率降低至82.3%。系统反硝化作用稳定,且表现出了一定的耐冲击负荷能力。研究还发现,随着阿特拉津浓度的提升(1,5,10 mg/L),去除率由80%下降至30%。试验结果表明高浓度的阿特拉津更容易达到稻草秸秆的饱和吸附量,产生较多无法被吸附的阿特拉津剩余量。相较于硝酸盐,阿特拉津更容易受到水力停留时间变化的影响,硝酸盐去除率在试验中一直维持在80%以上。阿特拉津去除率随水力停留时间的延长而增加,在HRT为8 h时,稻草秸秆对阿特拉津达到吸附饱和,最大去除率为78.64%。试验表明,适宜的HRT对阿特拉津和硝酸盐的同时去除起着关键作用。     

狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响研究

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究狼尾草根系分泌物对黑土吸附阿特拉津的影响.结果用Evolich方程(R2>0.97)和准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)进行拟合,两者都表现出较好拟合度.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程描述土壤吸附阿特拉津的过程,其中,Freundlich方程拟合结果较好(R2>0.91),而Langmuir方程中R2<0.60,加入狼尾草根系分泌物后,吸附平衡常数Kf明显减小,参数1/n增大到1左右,属于较难吸附,表明狼尾草根系分泌物对阿特拉津可能有抑制作用,且根系分泌物浓度不同,影响程度不同.     

A Hierarchical Model for Estimating Long‐Term Trend of Atrazine Concentration in the Surface Water of the Contiguous U.S.

Atrazine is a herbicide frequently detected in both surface and groundwater in the United States (U.S.), but its spatiotemporal distribution and concentration trends have only been analyzed recently at regional or local scales. We employed a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to assess spatial and seasonal variation in atrazine concentration trends between 1990 and 2010 for the contiguous U.S. A Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation algorithm was used to address the problem of left‐censored data (i.e., atrazine concentration values below method reporting levels). We observed opposing temporal trends in the northern (flat or decreasing) and southern (increasing) regions of the U.S. This spatial variation in temporal trends can be partially explained by the relative amount of cropland in the region. Flat or decreasing trends in the north are more likely in regions with high cropland coverage while positive trends in the south are more likely in regions with low cropland coverage.     

固相好氧反硝化同步去除水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津可行性研究

研究了利用固相好氧反硝化同步去除水中硝酸盐和阿特拉津的可行性。通过释碳性能的比较得出淀粉基颗粒是适宜的反硝化碳源,在间歇式实验中,初始硝态氮浓度为55~60 mg/L时,平均反硝化速率为7.03 mg/(L·h),能有效去除水中的硝酸盐。当水中阿特拉津浓度低于10 mg/L时,对好氧反硝化脱氮没有影响,浓度增加至20 mg/L,对反硝化有抑制作用。在好氧反硝化条件下,阿特拉津初始浓度分别为0.1,1 mg/L时,24 h后去除率分别为93%和94.8%,阿特拉津的去除主要通过吸附作用。     

除草剂莠去津对过氧化氢酶中酪氨酸微区的影响

应用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱研究了除草剂莠去津对过氧化氢酶中酪氨酸微区的影响.通过紫外差光谱发现,当9.1＜pH＜9.9之间变化时,差光谱吸收△A_260nm急剧变化,酪氨酸酚羟基的表观离解常数pK_侧链=9.5莠去津与过氧化氢酶作用后,可能是由于氢键的作用,紫外差光谱和荧光光谱都有一定的红移现象产生,但其表观离解常数未发生改变.SDS对其荧光性质有较大的影响;过氧化氢酶的荧光能被KI碰撞猝灭研究表明,酪氨酸残基可能是处于过氧化氢酶的亲水内核,莠去津可能与过氧化氢酶形成氢键,但对酪氨酸微区影响不大.