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151.
152.
Mikhail Goltsman Elena P. Kruchenkova Sergei Sergeev Paul J. Johnson David W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(2):198-206
Since the Pleistocene, Arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, on Mednyi Island in the North Pacific have been isolated in a small area with rich food resources and no other terrestrial carnivores. This situation provides an unusually simple system within which the effect of food dispersion on demography and social organisation was examined. We studied the composition, location and dispersal of 67 Arctic fox groups and mapped their major food resources (seabird colonies) during 1994–2000 on Mednyi. We compared our observations with the predictions of models of sex-ratio determination. Our observations are most consistent with the predictions of Julliard's (2000) model, where mothers are expected to produce more offspring of the most dispersing sex in low-quality habitats, and more offspring of the most philopatric sex in high-quality habitats. The polygynous foxes on Mednyi Island lived where the principal food resources were patchily distributed (present on 11% of the shoreline), and cub survival to dispersal age or reproductive adult was higher in rich (25/45) than in poor (24/79) home ranges. Furthermore, dispersal was strongly sex-biased: most females (60%) remained on their natal ranges, whereas very few males (9%) did so. Significantly more female than male cubs (54 compared with 24) emerged from dens in resource rich ranges, whereas the sex ratio on poor ranges was approximately equal (51 females and 56 males). While our observations are also to some extent consistent with the local resource enhancement (LRE) hypothesis (which predicts a bias towards the sex most likely to cooperate with parents), this does not account for the observed spatial variability. 相似文献
153.
154.
受垃圾渗滤液影响,垃圾场周边土壤有机物含量增加。试验结果显示,随着土壤有机物含量的增加,土壤中有效态铁锰含量增大。垃圾场周边土壤中渗滤液有机物和金属铁锰共存时,大量的有机物质能活化土壤中的铁锰,增加其有效性,增强其在土壤中的迁移能力。从而造成垃圾场地下水较严重的铁锰污染。 相似文献
155.
Noboru Okuda Tomohiro Takeyama Yasunobu Yanagisawa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(6):363-369
Entire-brood cannibalism by mouthbrooding males of the cardinal fish Apogon doederleini was investigated in temperate waters of southern Japan during two breeding seasons. The rate of cannibalism was 17–18% in
each season and did not differ among age-groups. However, the seasonal pattern of cannibalism differed markedly among age-groups:
young (1- and 2-year-old) males frequently cannibalized early broods, especially the first brood, of the season, whereas cannibalism
by middle-aged (3- and 4-year-old) and old (5- and 6-year-old) males mainly occurred late in the breeding season. We explain
this difference in terms of trade-offs between current and future reproduction. Young males, whose future reproductive success
is enhanced by the growth increment, may allocate more time and energy to growth by cannibalizing early broods. In contrast,
for older males who have had more breeding cycles and grow little, cannibalism could be a way to reverse the deterioration
in their somatic condition that occurs as the breeding season progresses. It is also likely that the current reproductive
loss entailed by the cannibalism is effectively compensated by quick re-mating with another female.
Received: 24 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 20 July 1997 相似文献
156.
The ecological constraints model predicts that daily travel distance and home range size of social animals will increase as group size increases in order to meet the dietary needs of additional group members. This theory has been supported more predominantly by studies of frugivorous primate species than by studies of folivorous species. We examined the ranging patterns of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, who include both herbaceous vegetation and fruit in their diet, to determine how ecological, behavioral, and social parameters influence movement patterns. Data were collected from three groups of gorillas with overlapping home ranges at a low-altitude location (1,450–1,800 m) and one group at a high-altitude location (2,100–2,500 m) in Bwindi from September 2001 to August 2002. We analyzed daily travel distance and home range size in relation to group size, while also considering patterns of frugivory, rainfall, and location (proxy for food availability) within the park. Both daily travel distance and home range size were positively related to group size. In addition, the degree of frugivory positively influenced daily travel distance and home range size, while rainfall negatively influenced daily travel distance only. Finally, groups at the low-altitude location, with higher fruit availability, traveled less than the group at the high-altitude location. These results demonstrate that mountain gorillas in Bwindi provide support for the ecological constraints model, but further studies are needed to determine how fine-scale spatial and temporal availability of food resources influence movement patterns. Ranging patterns of Bwindi gorillas are compared to those observed in other gorilla populations in the context of the ecological constraints model.Communicated by D. Watts 相似文献
157.
Fesenko S. V. Sukhova N. V. Sanzharova N. I. Spiridonov S. I. Avila R. Klein D. Lukaus E. 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2003,34(5):309-313
The accumulation of 137Cs by coniferous (Pinus sylvestris) and deciduous (Betula pendula) trees was studied in the area contaminated with radioactive products after the Chernobyl accident. The availability of 137Cs to woody plants is determined by its vertical distribution in the soil profile, the proportion of its exchangeable form, and the distribution of tree roots in the soil. The index of biological availability of 137C in the soil is proposed, and its linear dependence on the coefficients of 137Cs transfer to wood is demonstrated. 相似文献
158.
Asish Roy 《International Journal of Green Energy》2018,15(2):80-95
Wind is one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the electric power system. Availability of wind energy is volatile in nature due to the stochastic behavior of wind speed and non-linear variation of the wind power curve of wind turbine generator. Because of this impression and uncertainty, the availability estimation of wind power has become a challenging issue. In this paper, Markov Fuzzy Reward technique has been proposed for finding out the reliability of wind farm by assessing the availability of wind power. According to this technique, availability of the wind power has been estimated considering wind farm and demand both as a multi-state system. In addition to the availability, different reliability indices such as the number of absolute failures, mean time to deficiency, and probability of failures of a wind farm have been assessed in a time horizon, which can provide useful information for the power system planner at wind farm installing stage. A comparison of this study reveals the efficacy of the proposed Markov Fuzzy Reward approach over the conventional Markov Reward approach. 相似文献
159.
本文通过培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu总量及形态3年内动态变化的影响,并对影响Cu形态变化的相关因素进行了分析.研究结果显示:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中Cu的总量,增加效果依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.不同畜禽粪与化肥配施导致了土壤中各形态Cu含量增加,增幅依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.此外,不同畜禽粪与化肥配施还导致了土壤中酸可提取态Cu和残渣态Cu比例增加,可还原态Cu和可氧化态Cu比例减少,变化幅度均呈现猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施的规律.由于酸可提取态Cu占全Cu比例较小(增加后比例仍不足2%),故其对Cu有效性的影响微乎其微,而残渣态Cu的增加,可还原态、可氧化态Cu的减少均表明:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施降低了土壤中Cu的有效性.对于影响Cu形态的相关因素分析,研究结果表明:土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间相关性不显著,但其与有机质含量间相关性极其显著.酸可提取态、残渣态Cu与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可还原态、可氧化态Cu与有机质含量呈显著正相关.此外,畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间的相关性,但对其与有机质含量间关系影响不大. 相似文献
160.
F. Gallardo‐Lara M. Azcón J.L. Quesada A. Polo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):1049-1064
Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large‐capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air‐dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha‐1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co‐composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW‐SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW‐SS co‐compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA‐extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA‐extractable and AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. The values of DTPA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. 相似文献