北京市凉凤灌区小麦重金属含量的动态变化及健康风险分析 --兼论土壤重金属有效性测定指标的可靠性

通过对北京市凉凤灌区小麦籽粒及其相对应土壤样品的调查发现,小麦籽粒中的Ni、Pb、Zn超标率分别为38.1%、28.6%、4.8%;Hg、Cd虽然未发现超标现象,但也有部分样品接近国家食品卫生标准（GB2762-1994和GB 15201-1994）;与1976年的调查结果相比,在过去的30年中,小麦籽粒中Hg、Pb、Cu含量呈显著增加的趋势.研究结果表明,北京凉凤灌区的小麦存在Hg、Pb、Zn等污染的潜在风险.无论是测定的土壤重金属全量,还是测定的土壤重金属的可提取态含量,都与小麦籽粒的重金属含量无显著的相关性.因此,在评价土壤重金属污染是否对农作物（小麦籽粒）影响时,采用目前通用的土壤可提取态重金属并不一定会优于土壤重金属全量.     

Phytoavailability and Fractions of Iron and Manganese in Calcareous Soil Amended with Composted Urban Wastes

Little is known about the effects of applying composted urban wastes on the phytoavailability and distribution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) among chemical fractions in soil. In order to study this concern several experiments in pots containing calcareous soil were carried out. The received treatments by adding separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^?1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and/or municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW-SS) co-compost. The cropping sequence was a lettuce crop followed by a barley crop. It was observed that treatments amended with composted urban wastes tended to promote slight increases in lettuce yield compared to the control. The highest Fe levels in lettuce were found when higher rates of MSW-SS co-compost were applied; these values were significant compared to those obtained in the other treatments. In all cases, the application of organic materials increased the concentration and uptake of Mn in lettuce compared to the control; however, these increases were significant only when higher rates of MSW compost were applied. The organic amendments had beneficial delayed effects on barley yields, showing, in most cases, significant increases compared to the control. In this context, treatments with MSW compost were found to be more effective than the equivalent treatments amended with MSW-SS co-compost. Compared to the control, composted urban wastes increased Fe concentration in straw and rachis, and decreased Fe concentration in barley grain. Similarly, a decreased concentration of Mn in the dry matter of barley crop grown in soils treated with composted urban wastes was observed.     

Modeling of the Mendoza river watershed as a tool to study climate change impacts on water availability

Unmitigated anthropogenic climate change is set to exacerbate current stresses on water resources management and creates the need to develop strategies to face climate change impacts on water resources, especially in the long term. Insufficient information on possible impacts on water availability limits the organization and promotion of efforts to adapt and improve the resilience and efficiency of water systems. To document the potential impacts of climate change in the region of Mendoza, Argentina, we perform a hydrological modeling of the Mendoza River watershed using a SWAT model and project climate change scenarios to observe hydrological changes. The results show the impact of higher temperature on glaciers as river flow increases due to glacier melting; at the same time, runoff decreases as precipitation is reduced. Furthermore, the runoff timing is shifted and an earlier melting becomes more important in more pronounced climate change scenarios. Scenarios show a reduction in water availability that ranges between 1 and 10%. An additional scenario under stronger climate change conditions without glaciers data shows a reduction of the river flow by up to 11.8%. This scenario would correspond to a future situation in which glaciers have completely melted. These situations would imply a reduction in the water availability and the possibility of future unsatisfied water uses, in particular for irrigation, which received most of the available water in Mendoza, on which agricultural activities and regional economy depends.     

The evolution of CSR life-history strategies in a plant model with explicit physiology and architecture

This paper introduces a functional-structural plant model based on artificial life concepts and L-systems. This model takes into account realistic physiological rules, the architecture of the plants and their demography. An original benefit of this approach is that it allows the simulation of plant evolution at both functional and life-history levels implementing mutations to the L-systems and a set of genetic parameter values. The conducted experiments focus on the evolutionary emergence of different life history strategies in an environment with heterogeneous resource availability and disturbance frequency. It is found that, depending on the encountered conditions, the plants develop three major strategies classified as competitors, stress-tolerators and ruderals according to Grime's CSR theory. Most of the evolved characteristics comply with theoretical biology or field observations on natural plants. Besides these results, our modelling framework is highly flexible and many refinements can be readily implemented depending on the issues one intends to address. Moreover, the model can readily be used to address many questions at the interface between evolutionary ecology, plant functional and community ecologies and ecosystem ecology.     

Quantitative modeling of freshwater stress in the nine water basins of Tanzania

Freshwater scarcity is a global issue of environmental concern that threatens agricultural production and human health. In this study, we established freshwater stress indices (WSIs) for the nine water basins of Tanzania by using the quantity of freshwater available and various water uses. The relationship between water availability and different water uses, including environmental water requirements, was analyzed, with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique. Extreme WSI values close to 1.00 were obtained in the Rufiji, Pangani, and Wami-ruvu basins, Internal drainage, and Lake Rukwa, while low and moderate WSI values ranging from 0.03 to 0.84 were found in Lake Victoria and the Ruvuma, Tanganyika, and Nyasa basins. This study adds further knowledge on the level of freshwater scarcity, relationships between water availability and different water uses, and suggests policy options to reduce freshwater scarcity at the basin level for sustainable water supply.     

Reduction of availability of trace metals in urban soils using inorganic amendments

Urban soils in medium- and large-sized cities generally have shown elevated contents of environmentally important trace metals (e.g. lead, copper, zinc). Such high concentrations in soils of green areas, mainly recreational areas, can be a source of potentially toxic elements and pose a risk for human health. Thus the availability of these contaminants is an essential control parameter, as it indicates potential plant uptake and their transfer to humans via inhalation of suspended dust, or direct ingestion (i.e. hand to mouth pathway), or consumption of contaminated foodstuff. Young children are the most sensitive segment of the population. Addition of amendments to the soil is a feasible technique to reduce the availability of trace metals. Accordingly, four urban soils of green areas of Seville (Spain), with relatively high lead contents and moderate copper and zinc contents, were amended in the laboratory with four inorganic materials [acid zeolite (AZ), sodium zeolite (SZ), Slovakite (SL), apatite (AP)], at two rates (1%, 5% w/w) and incubated for 1 year. Significant decreases in EDTA-extractable metal contents were observed in some of the treatments after adding the amendments even before the incubation begun, mainly for SL treatments. The amendment that produced the longest lasting immobilisation effect, compared to control treatments, was AZ at the higher rate. The effects of SZ and SL tended to decrease with time, while the AP effect was almost negligible after 3 months of ageing. This study confirms the feasibility of using certain inexpensive soil amendments to at least temporarily immobilise metals in urban soils for the purpose of protecting human health, especially that of young children.     

基于GM-RBF神经网络的导弹武器系统使用可用度评估方法 研究

目的研究导弹武器系统使用可用度评估问题,方法通过基于故障数据的使用可用度评估,提出一种基于灰色模型GM（1,1）的径向基函数（RBF—Radial Basis Function）神经网络组合模型。结果该模型克服了灰色理论的长时间序列预估误差大和神经网络的训练样本需求量大、输入变量选取困难等缺点。结论仿真结果表明,GM—RBF神经网络对导弹武器系统使用可用度评估具有评估误差小、精度高等优点。     

根茬连续还田对镉污染农田土壤中镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究不同镉污染土壤上分别连作3茬玉米和菜豆,根茬连续还田后对后茬作物生长、镉吸收及土壤中镉赋存形态的影响.结果表明,两种镉污染土壤上分别连作3茬菜豆和玉米,根茬累计还田量占土壤质量的0.4%～1.1%,通过根茬累计还田的镉占土壤全镉的1.3%～3.5%.玉米和菜豆根茬连续还田对后茬大白菜和冬小麦生长均无显著影响,但在镉污染土壤上根茬连续还田后显著增加了后茬大白菜地上部镉含量.根茬连续还田对后茬小麦吸收镉无影响.根茬连续还田增加了土壤轻组有机质含量和模拟镉污染土壤中轻组有机质中镉占土壤全镉的比例.镉污染土壤连续还田玉米根茬后土壤碳酸盐结合态镉含量显著降低,在模拟镉污染土壤上菜豆根茬连续还田显著降低了土壤交换态镉含量,根茬连续还田增加了土壤中氧化物结合态镉含量.     

冻融对土壤吸附态镉赋存形态及生物活性的影响

以东北地区棕壤为供试土壤,通过人工控温、室内培养的方法,测定了不同冻融次数(冻融温度-30～20℃,冻融时间24 h,冻融次数0、1、3、6、9次)和不同土壤含水量处理下(田间持水量的10％、40％、70％、100％、120％),外源镉浓度为20 mg·L-1时,土壤吸附态镉的不同赋存形态的含量,并分析了各赋存形态镉占吸附态镉总量的比率及吸附态镉生物活性的变化.结果表明,不同冻融处理土壤吸附的重金属镉中,各赋存形态镉占吸附态镉的比率顺序为:交换态＞残渣态＞碳酸盐结合态＞铁锰氧化物结合态＞有机结合态.各赋存形态镉占吸附态镉的比率随冻融次数和土壤含水量的变化呈不同趋势.冻融次数对交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉、残渣态镉的影响均达到显著或极显著水平,对有机结合态镉的影响不显著;含水量对交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉的影响达到显著或极显著水平,对有机结合态镉和残渣态镉的影响不显著.供试土壤中吸附态镉的生物活性较强,生物可利用系数和移动系数分别达到65.9638％和62.9851％.生物可利用性系数和迁移系数均随着冻融次数的增加先增加后降低,然后趋于平稳,说明土壤自身在一定范围内存在着缓冲能力.     

渝西地区镉轻度污染稻田安全利用技术

渝西地区是重庆市粮食主产区,区域土壤污染特征为以镉(Cd)为主的轻中度污染区.选择该区域酸性和钙质两类典型紫色稻田土壤,开展了低累积水稻品种联合钝化剂的田间原位修复试验,比较了水稻低累积品种常两优772联合使用硅钙肥、铁粉、生物质炭和秸秆有机肥4种钝化剂的修复效果.结果表明:①在酸性和钙质两类紫色稻田土壤上,除Fe粉外的其他3种钝化剂均提高了水稻稻谷产量,酸性紫色稻田土壤上以秸秆有机肥效果最好,增产47. 43%;而在钙质稻田土壤上则以生物质炭最好,增产23. 95%.②酸性紫色稻田土壤(p H=4. 75)上单纯低累积水稻品种不能满足水稻安全生产要求,联合钝化剂施用稻米Cd含量降幅为14. 81%～54. 88%,除硅钙肥外其他3种钝化剂稻米Cd含量均达到安全食用标准(0. 2mg·kg-1,GB 2762-2017);而钙质紫色稻田土壤(p H=7. 77)上不同处理稻米Cd含量在0. 012～0. 030 mg·kg-1之间,均未超过安全标准,但施用钝化剂(除生物质炭外)仍然可使稻米Cd含量降低,降幅为26. 67%～59. 00%.③钝化剂影响Cd在稻株体内的转运.以酸性土壤为例,硅钙肥可降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,Fe粉和生物质炭可减少根部Cd的富集并降低茎中Cd向糙米的转运,秸秆有机肥可降低根系Cd向茎中的转运.④添加4种钝化剂均能促进土壤Cd向残渣态转化,降低土壤中有效Cd含量,进而降低了水稻各器官中Cd的积累.在酸性土壤中生物质炭对土壤Cd的钝化效果最好,钙质土壤中则是秸秆有机肥钝化效果最好.⑤酸性土壤上硅钙肥和秸秆有机肥显著提升了酸性土壤p H值和有机质含量,相应地土壤有效Cd含量降低了39. 45%和34. 69%;在钙质土壤上此现象则不明显.