水文变化条件下农田溪流营养盐滞留效应模拟

以巢湖流域某一典型农田源头溪流为对象,基于溪流水文条件的动态变化性,从水文概率密度模型与营养盐滞留率模型综合集成角度,解析较长时间尺度下营养盐滞留有效流量的动态变化特征.在对水文概率密度模型Monte Carlo随机模拟的基础上,根据先前10次野外示踪实验获得的营养盐吸收速度等数据信息,定量评估溪流营养盐滞留的总体水平,估算最有效流量和等效流量.结果表明,农田溪流渠段的NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留能力总体偏低,相应的期望滞留率分别为0.0671(6.71%)和0.0541(5.41%),最有效流量分别为0.0051,0.0049m³/s,功能等效流量分别为0.044,0.043m³/s.基于溪流营养盐吸收速度明显偏低的客观现状,有必要从溪流形态和河床地貌特征的改造着手,提升溪流水体营养盐滞留能力.     

基于种养平衡的杭州市畜禽养殖环境承载力研究

种养结合循环利用是生态化、资源化解决畜禽规模养殖粪污排放问题的根本途径。论文以土壤有效氮、磷含量预测土壤供肥能力,结合种植和养殖业年度统计数据,利用修正的养分平衡法估算杭州市畜禽养殖环境承载力,并分析杭州市各县市畜禽养殖污染风险。结果表明：2014年杭州市畜禽养殖环境承载力以氮、磷计分别为18.20和 18.29头猪当量/hm²,实际承载量分别为13.26和12.70头猪当量/hm²,污染风险指数分别为0.73和0.69,说明杭州市整体处于畜禽养殖低污染风险状态,但各县市的污染负荷差异显著,市区等4个县市属于过量承载,存在较高的污染风险,富阳等4个县市仍有一定的承载潜力。研究结果可为杭州市种养业平衡整体规模配置、布局调整和粪污消纳等决策提供科学依据。     

营养物缺乏引起的丝状污泥膨胀研究

营养物的比例以及含量是污泥膨胀能否形成的重要因素.各种微量元素在微生物生长过程需要的量非常之少,但作为其生长中一种必不可少的营养物质,占据了与碳、氯、磷、氧等同样的地位.若底物中缺少这些营养物质,会抑制或终止许多生物化学反应,降低营养敏感型微生物的活性和底物降解能力,改变微生物类群和数量.使低营养型微生物,如某些丝状菌得以过量增殖,出现污泥膨胀问题.     

紫茎泽兰入侵过程中生物群落的交互作用

生物入侵在全球范围内影响了生物群落的结构与功能,打破了群落内物种共存的生态格局,继而反馈性影响全球环境。该文就外来杂草紫茎泽兰入侵对生物群落之间交互作用的影响进行了分析。1）紫茎泽兰通过竞争排斥降低了土著植物群落的多样性,造成依赖于土著植物的节肢动物群落减少或丧失适宜的栖息环境。2）打破了土著植物与节肢动物之间相互依存的状态,并通过单优群落优势和强烈化感作用制约天敌昆虫的自然控制作用。3）通过改变地表生境和枯落物种类影响土壤动物群落。4）引起土壤微生物群落组成和功能的变化,改变土壤中可利用资源的形式和数量,影响并重塑了生物种间互作模式,并动态反馈于地面植物群落新格局的形成。分析指出：1）入侵过程中群落之间的交互作用通过多层次生态过程对群落结构与功能的生态改变发挥影响。2）入侵对生物群落的改变所产生的生态驱动反馈性作用于群落互作模式的重塑、群落和生态系统新格局的重建。同时,指出了生物入侵对群落影响的复杂性以及后续研究的方向。     

乌梁素海沉积物中营养盐分布特征与固碳能力

通过2008—2011年连续现场采样和室内实验分析,研究了乌梁素海沉积物营养盐的分布特征以及固碳功能.结果发现,乌梁素海沉积物中氮与有机碳水平分布具有相同规律,总磷水平分布差异较大,揭示了沉积环境和水动力条件对磷在沉积物中的累积具有一定影响,也在一定程度上反映了磷来源的多样性.在垂直方向上,总氮、有机碳、硝态氮规律明显,随深度增加有递减的趋势,而总磷和氨氮垂直分布差异性显著,表明其与环境因素和早期演化和成岩作用有关.乌梁素海沉积物中C:N:P=20.2:4.5:1,小于Redfield比(C:N:P=106:16:1).沉积物中总氮与有机碳有明显的正相关性,而总磷与有机碳无相关性.乌梁素海沉积物有机碳沉积速率为169.55 g·m-2·a-1,有机碳密度为5.70 kg·m-2.30 cm深度沉积物中,碳储量为134.39×104t,存在很大的固碳潜力,这对于调节气候变化和维护湖泊区域生态平衡具有重要潜能.     

Regulation of soil enzyme activities in constructed wetlands under a short-term drying period

The activities of extracellular enzymes are important in understanding decomposition of soil organic matter in wetlands subjecting to drying. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase), and related physicochemical parameters were monitored in constructed freshwater wetlands during a one-month drying manipulation. Drying increased redox potential and decreased soil water content significantly (P<0.05). Higher content of soil organic matter (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of inorganic N (nitrate, P<0.01; and ammonia, P<0.001) were also observed significantly under drying condition. Soil hydrolase enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (β-glucosidase, P<0.05; N-acetylglucosaminidase, P<0.01; and phosphatase, P<0.001), and a two-phase pattern of enzyme activities was revealed under drying condition. The increase of soil enzyme activities under drying condition was significantly related to soil redox potential (P<0.001). Drying strongly affected soil enzyme activities only when soil water content remained above an optimal level for enzymatic catalysis (higher than 23% w/w), corresponding to redox potentials below 250–300 mV. Our results suggest that, under drying condition, potential enzyme activities may be regulated by redox potential, in respect to soil moisture, and consequently alter nutrient availability in wetlands.     

Effects of nutrient concentration and litter cover on quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass of Zizania latifolia (L)

This study investigated the effect of nutrient concentration and litter cover on the development of quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass (BGB) production of Zizania latifolia. Zizania latifolia is a common emergent aquatic species in East Asia. Four treatments were done at the study site, and were observed between May 2003 and December 2005. The treatments are namely, high nutrient (HN) with litter cover (HNWL), high nutrient without litter cover (HNNL), low nutrient (LN) with litter cover (LNWL), and low nutrient without litter cover (LNNL). The quantitative shoot parameters and BGB had higher values for treatments with high nutrient (HN) compared to the low nutrient treatments (LN), independent of the presence of litter cover. Furthermore, the life span of the secondary shoots was also higher in HN treatments compared to LN treatments. The BGB productivity was higher in the HNNL treatment compared to the other treatments. The LNWL treatment showed the least developed quantitative shoot parameters, e.g. plant height, and the lowest BGB for Z. latifolia. It was generally observed that the combined effects of low nutrients and litter cover negatively affected shoot development and BGB production.     

Coccolithophorids,Nutrients and the Greenhouse Effect

Despite the fact that coccolithophorids such as Emiliania huxleyi are suspected to play an important role in carbon-cycling, there are few data from which to deduce how these organisms may respond to CO₂-induced global warming. the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient physiology of these organisms, together with its interaction with photosynthesis, needs to be studied especially in connection with the selection for coccolith forming individuals and the quantity and quality of the CaCO₃ deposited in the coccoliths. Without such data, it will not be possible to model the contributions that these microalgae may play in arresting the increase in levels of atmospheric CO₂.     

城市绿地土壤呼吸时空变异及其影响因素

2012年7月-2012年12月,采用LI—COR-8100测定了柳树、圆柏和杏树3种北京绿化树木的土壤呼吸速率,并分析了生物因子和非生物因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：3个树种的土壤呼吸速率平均值为：柳树3．53μmol／（m2·s）,圆柏2．68μmol（m2·s）,杏树2．38μmol／（m2·s）;3种树木土壤呼吸速率呈现相似的月动态,与温度呈极显著指数相关,而与土壤水分相关性不显著。8月柳树和圆柏的土壤呼吸显著高于杏树;9月柳树的土壤呼吸显著高于圆柏和杏树;10—11月3种树木之间差异性不显著。8—9月土壤呼吸速率和温度、树木胸径、总碳、总氮、有机碳及硝态氮显著相关,而与碳氮比、叶面积指数呈极显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,8—9月间3种树木的土壤呼吸主要受到树木胸径和叶面积指数的影响,模型解释率为42．0％（p=0．001）。     

水温和营养盐增加对太湖冬、春季节藻类生长的影响

为探讨水温和营养盐增加对冬、春季节太湖藻类生长和群落演替的影响,研究了不同水温(不增温、12.0、14.0、16.0、18.0、20.0℃)和不同营养盐浓度(低、中、高营养盐浓度)下藻类的生长及优势种群变化. 结果表明:藻类∑ρ(Chla)〔蓝藻、绿藻及硅藻中ρ(Chla)总量,下同〕随着水温的升高呈增加趋势,在20.0℃下∑ρ(Chla)为0.19~12.94μg/L,显著高于其他水温试验组(0.01~6.83μg/L);与较低水温(不增温、12.0、14.0℃)相比,较高水温(16.0、18.0、20.0℃)更能显著促进藻类对氮、磷营养盐的吸收利用. 添加营养盐后,硅藻、绿藻ρ(Chla)的日均值分别为0.52~4.07、0.17~0.52μg/L;湖水中∑ρ(Chla)呈增长趋势,并且浮游植物群落结构的优势种由绿藻转变为硅藻,硅藻ρ(Chla)所占比例从试验初始的50%升至75%~98%, 说明营养盐增加可加大硅藻的竞争优势;而绿藻的生长则可能同时受水温和营养盐共同作用的影响,因此太湖冬、春季节藻类的演替同时受到水温和营养盐的影响.