圈养马麝(Moschus sifanicus)非繁殖季节行为特征及行为节律的性别间差异

采用比较研究法，分析了甘肃兴隆山麝场圈养马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的非交配季节（8—10月）行为特征的性别间差异，并探讨了行为模式的变化格局．结果表明，由于雌麝在非交配季节正处于哺乳期，育幼投资相对增加，警戒性增强，其静卧、摄食和反刍等行为的终止阈值下降；和雄麝相比，雌麝的站立凝视、静卧、摄食和反刍等行为的发生频次相对较多．育幼直接导致雌麝相互间的冲突行为频次增多，母幼间的行为联系使其亲和行为的表达频次多于雄麝．圈养马麝在非交配季节的月行为节律变化还存在性别差异，在8—9月间，雌麝表达的静卧和反刍行为的频次渐少，而由于雄麝8月后正处于泌香后期（成体）或泌香期（亚成体），因此其运动频次较少，卧息较多，摄食持续时间减少．随繁殖季节的临近，雄麝从8月到10月间的运动、尾阴探究、冲突行为、环境探究等动态行为的表达逐渐增加．图1表2参22     

Cd和Cu在草甸棕壤-植物系统中行为特性的研究

在沈阳生态站开展了重金属迁移积累行为特性的试验研究，探讨了不同重金属元素在土壤及作物体内迁移积累变化规律。外源重金属元素Cd、Cu施入土壤后，无论是低剂量还足高剂量处理，水田土壤Cd元素已迁移到45cm的深度，而Cu元素迁移到30cm的深度。早田土壤低剂量和高剂量处理Cd迁移到30cm，而Cu元素只有高剂量处理迁移到30cm的深度。土壤Cd、Cu元素向下层迁移的量微乎其微，重金属元素大多滞留在土壤表层。水稻、玉米吸收的Cd大部分积累在作物体的根和茎叶中，而Cu大部分积累在作物体的根系中，Cd、Cu籽实吸收量占植物体总吸收量的1．16％～3％。水稻、玉米地上部吸收Cd的量〉地卜部吸收Cu的量，在作物体中Cd的迁移能力强于Cu的迁移能力。     

Inbreeding-based bias in parental responsiveness to litters of oldfield mice

This study investigated variation in parental behavior in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus). Specifically, I examined the possibility that parental behavior and probability of litter loss may differ depending on whether parents are related to one another and, therefore, whether offspring are inbred. When parents are related, they share more genes with their offspring and so may be predicted to invest more in inbred offspring if these offspring do not inherently have a greater risk of juvenile mortality. Survival of inbred pups did not differ from survival of outbred pups, and females tended to exhibit a preference, in the form of enhanced parental care, for inbred litters. Males did not display any consistent preferences. Inbred litters were left unattended more often during the immediate post-partum period than were outbred litters, but this inconsistent finding appeared to have a smaller effect than the overall improved maternal care provided to inbred litters. Females thus appeared to modulate their behavior to a greater degree than did males depending on characteristics of the litter. Patterns of litter loss indicated that complete death of litters was independent of litter inbreeding, whereas loss of selected pups in a litter occurred significantly more often when litters were inbred. Complete and partial loss of litters may be functionally different behaviors that are triggered by different cues. Received: 20 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 28 April 1997     

Within-brood patterns of paternity and paternal behavior in red-winged blackbirds

We video-taped male and female red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) feeding individual chicks in order to test the hypothesis that food might be differently allocated to within-pair offspring and extra-pair young. We found no evidence that paternity influenced the allocation of food by either males or females. Both males and females fed male offspring significantly more, but there was no tendency for paternity to be skewed by gender. Females fed older offspring significantly more, whereas males did not; extra-pair fertilizations, however, were not associated with lay or hatch order of the chicks. Given that males do not appear to discriminate within-pair from extra-pair offspring directly, these results are consistent with current theory on the effect of paternity on paternal behavior. We discuss briefly some of the possible reasons why discrimination might be lacking in red-winged blackbirds and in other species in which the possibility of discrimination of paternity and allocation of paternal behavior has been studied.     

Position preferences within groups: do whirligigs select positions which balance feeding opportunities with predator avoidance?

The benefits and costs of group living are likely to be asymmetric within a group. Animals at the edge of a group are more at risk from predators, according to the selfish herd hypothesis, but are also more likely to obtain scattered food resources. Does an animal's choice between these two conflicting positions depend on its body reserves? The hunger level of marked whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) was manipulated and the positions of individuals relative to the rest of the group on the surface of the water were determined with image analysis software. In 12 out of 13 groups, of approximately 18 beetles each, hungry beetles were closer to the edge of a group and had a higher distance to their nearest neighbor than well-fed beetles. Hungry beetles at the edge obtained nearly all of the food particles dropped onto the surface of the water. These results show that position preferences within groups may involve a dynamic feedback between foraging, predator avoidance, and shortterm hunger levels.     

同位素示踪法研究有机污染物在模拟水生生态系统中的行为

应用同位素示踪技术，研究了模拟水生生态系统中三氯苯、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯，２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ的分布、迁移、转化行为。实验周期后，水中污染物浓度分别降低了８９％，８０％，９５％以上，三氯苯在底泥和浮游生物中有积累。测定了标记物在水、悬浮物、＾１４ＣＯ２吸收溶液，ＸＡＤ－２树脂上的放射性强度。假设水中标记物的降解遵循一级速率过程，２４ｄ后，水中２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ浓度已降为原来浓度的５％     

Strike-induced chemosensory searching by a teiid lizard,the golden tegu (Tupinambis nigropunctatus)

Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) is experimentally demonstrated in a teiid lizard,Tupinambis nigropunctatus. SICS consists of a concurrent post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements after voluntary release or escape of bitten prey or removal of prey from the predator's mouth. The results are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS occur in all families of scleroglossan lizards and snakes and all families of actively foraging lizards yet studied. The relatively short duration of SICS (2 min) in a lizard having lingual and vomeronasal structure highly specialized for chemosensory sampling and analysis suggests that phylogenetic and ecological factors may be more important than morphology in determining the duration. The greatest known durations occur only in the presumably monophyletic clade containing varanoid lizards and snakes, all of which have highly developed chemical sampling and chemoreceptor apparatus, but in addition feed on prey that has a high probability of being relocated by prolonged scent-trailing. Because only active foragers move through the habitat while tongue-flicking and exhibit lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination, only active foragers may be expected to use SICS. SICS would appear to be useless to an ambush forager and might disrupt its defensive crypticity, rendering it more detectable to predators and prey. Therefore, it may be predicted that SICS is adaptively adjusted to foraging mode.     

Why a 100-Year Time Horizon should be used for GlobalWarming Mitigation Calculations

Global warming mitigation calculationsrequire consistent procedures for handlingtime in order to compare `permanent' gainsfrom energy-sector mitigation options with`impermanent' gains from many forest-sectoroptions. A critical part of carbonaccounting methodologies such as thosebased on `ton-years' (the product of thenumber of tons of carbon times the numberof years that each ton is held out of theatmosphere) is definition of a timehorizon, or the time period over whichcarbon impacts and benefits are considered. Here a case is made for using a timehorizon of 100 years. This choice avoidsdistortions created by much longer timehorizons that would lead to decisionsinconsistent with societal behavior inother spheres; it also avoids a rapidincrease in the implied value of time ifhorizons shorter than 100 years are used.Selection of a time horizon affectsdecisions on financial mechanisms andcarbon credit. Simple adaptations canallow a time horizon to be specified andused to calculate mitigation benefits andat the same time reserve a given percentageof weight in decision making forgenerations beyond the end of the timehorizon. The choice of a time horizon willheavily influence whether mitigationoptions such as avoided deforestation areconsidered viable.     

荧光光谱法研究有机污染物的环境行为

荧光光谱法作为一种测定痕量有机化合物和生化物质的高灵敏度和高选择性的测试手段 ,因其操作简单、运行成本低和非破坏性 ,在环境科学等方面得到了广泛的应用 .本文介绍了荧光光谱法研究PAHs与溶解态有机物间相互作用、同步荧光法研究溶解态PAHs的生物降解、荧光分析法直接研究溶解态PAHs的光降解以及用同步荧光法测定鱼胆汁中PAHs的代谢产物等几方面的工作 ,展示了荧光光谱法用于研究有机污染物的环境行为的应用前景     

考虑源头减量的城市生活垃圾管理系统动力学研究

文章根据计划行为理论,使用系统动力学的方法,设计了考虑源头减量的城市生活垃圾管理的系统动力学模型.该模型动态地仿真了管理系统中宏观和微观的因素之间随时间推移的相互作用.通过分析管理模型中各个子模型的仿真结果,说明了源头减量对垃圾管理的重要意义.