活性炭法测量室内空气中氡浓度的影响因素研究

探讨了各种因素对活性炭法测量室内空气中氡浓度的影响,并提出既能保证检测质量,又能符合工程检测需要、提高检测效率的检测条件范围。     

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体采样频率优选方法初探

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体样品化学组成的时空差异,除受采样点位分布制约外,主要还受采样时间的制约。如何选取时间段及采样周期显得尤为重要。通过青岛市空气自动监测系统近几年获取的颗粒物连续时均值数据,采用统计优化组合选择法,筛选出日均值、年均值的最佳采样时段,可供类似研究参考。     

深圳市几种空气污染物浓度日变化特征分析

通过对深圳市2002年8月至2003年8月五种空气污染物浓度日变化特征、相互关系及不同天气条件下的变化,与人们活动的关系等进行分析,试图找出深圳空气污染的主要成因及变化规律,为环境规划决策提供科学依据。     

北京市近地层气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律的调查研究

以1998年10月的观测资料为例,分析了北京市某地气象要素的变化规律以及该地区大气细菌浓度的分布特征,对两者之间的相互关系进行了初步探讨,发现一天内气象要素及细菌浓度均是周期变化,且两者有一定的相关性。     

Influence of thermal environment on metallographic structure characteristics of the electric arc bead pattern

Electrical apparatuses are prone to arc, which generally causes a fire, even an explosion hazard, when a flammable gas mixture is present, especially during industrial processes. Terrible fire scenes are challenging for fire investigations. In this work, by performing a simultaneous thermal analysis test we simulated a fire environment and found that as the oxygen concentration decreased, the oxidation/exothermic peak temperature of ‘cause’ bead became higher, but the melting temperature was unaffected. Results indicated that the bead pattern underwent oxidation at approximately 831 °C, melting initiated at approximately 1060 °C, and the pattern then disappeared. The melted pattern grain changes were divided into three critical temperature stages: Approximately 600 °C, the onset temperature at which the melted pattern grains began to be equiaxed; approximately 831 °C, at which the grains were interspersed with oxygen-containing material; and 831–1060 °C, when the grains disappeared, which is a criterion for identifying electrical fires. However, the boundaries remained throughout the thermal environment process. Moreover, the bead pattern demonstrated three metallographic regions: Deep layer (Region I), the intermediate layer (Region Ⅱ), and surface layer (Region Ⅲ). Region I was the most thermally sensitive, in which equiaxed crystals first appeared. Region Ⅲ was the thermal reaction lag zone, in which the typical branching crystals finally disappeared, and Region Ⅱ was intermediate between Regions I and Ⅲ. The results may help fire investigators determine the fire scene temperature stages and provide support for fire evidence extraction.     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

冬季烟塔合一烟气排放特性及其改善措施研究

针对烟塔合一冷却塔(Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower,NDDCT)在冬季关闭冷却塔百叶窗时存在烟气排放困难的现象,以及导致冷却塔内污染物浓度大幅升高、进而增加冷却塔内壁腐蚀风险的问题,提出了增加烟囱高度的改善措施,并开展了风洞试验。基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法建立了烟塔合一数值模型以获得冷却塔内部流场和污染物浓度场的分布特性,模拟对比了春季工况和冬季工况条件下烟塔合一冷却塔内部及出口位置的流场和烟气扩散特性。结果表明,由于百叶窗关闭导致冷却塔的通气量和换热量大幅度下降,冷却塔内部的流场变得杂乱无章,污染物质量分数大大增加。与春季相比,冬季冷却塔内壁污染物最大质量分数增加了1.5倍。随烟囱高度增加,烟气可以凭借其初始动能抵御冷却塔内的湍流冲出塔外,冷却塔内部的烟气扩散情况逐渐改善。定性风洞试验结果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,验证了该方法的可行性。虽然增加烟囱高度会增加施工初期的投资,但该方案能有效降低冷却塔的腐蚀风险,不但节省了后期防腐的投资,而且降低了安全风险。从长远来看,该措施利大于弊。     

岷—沱江汞环境背景值研究

本文介绍了用冷原子荧光法测定岷—沱江原水(总汞)、过滤水(溶解性汞)、悬浮物(悬浮态汞)及沉积物中汞含量。方法检测限为0.004μg/l。经选用W检验、Vistelius置信带法和偏度、峰度法联合进行汞含量分布类型检验,综合判断、研究得出岷—沱江水系河水中汞背景值(总量)为0.25μg/l,汞主要以溶解态存在于水体中,沉积物中汞背景值为0.018mg/kg。岷—沱江水系汞背景值无论与国内各水系还是同世界河流水平相比,均处于相同和较低水平。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs. Translated from Environmental Pollution and Control, 2004, 26(1): 11–13 [译自: 环境污染与防治]