生物沥滤去除污泥重金属:污泥固体浓度和类型影响

研究了污泥固体浓度和污泥类型对Cu、Pb和Zn生物沥滤的影响。结果表明,污泥固体浓度越高,重金属沥出效果越差;高固体浓度污泥pH值降低缓慢,其SO42-产生量明显高于低污泥浓度。低固体浓度污泥下,氮磷钾营养物质流失量比高固体浓度污泥明显增多。厌氧消化污泥和生污泥中重金属的生物沥滤效果差异不大,但厌氧消化污泥的肥效流失明显高于生污泥。     

Temporal variations of CO2 concentration near land surface and its response to meteorological variables in Heihe River Basin, northwest China

Atmospheric CO2 concentration (CC) near land surface and meteorological variables have been measured at four sites,named Yeniugou (alpine meadow and permafrost), Xishui (mountainous forest), Linze (oasis edge) and Ejina (lower desert),respectively, in Heihe River Basin, northwest China. The results showed that, the half hourly CC at night was larger than in daytime,and the daily averaged CC was the largest in winter. The averaged CC of 932 d at the Linze was about 418 ppm, was about 366 ppm in the 762 d at the Ejina. In the same period from September 23 to November 9, 2004, the averaged CC was about 625,334, 436 and 353 ppm, at Yeniugou, Xishui, Linze and Ejina, respectively. The linear relationship between daily averaged CC and air temperature T was negative, between CC and relative humidity (RH) was positive. The linear CC-atmospheric pressure (A P) relationship was negative at the Linze and Yeniugou, was positive at the Ejina. The relationship between CC and global radiation R was exponent, and soil temperature Ts was negative linear, and soil water content was complex. The correlation between CC and wind speed was not existent.Using meteorological variables together to simulate CC, could give good results.     

Temporal and Spatial Variation of Nutrient Levels in the Nemunas River (Lithuania and Belarus)

There are discordant results on trends in nutrient river water quality from the economical transition countries in Europe. The present study assessed the impact of these economical changes on the load and concentration at 17 monitoring stations along the Nemunas River and its major tributaries (Lithuania and Belarus). Three time periods were evaluated: the Soviet rule command system period 1986–1991, the transfer to market economy period 1992–1996 and the post reform period 1997–2002. The most surprising result in this study, was the increased area-specific load of NO₃-N from the first to the third period at almost all the sampling sites. The increase was particularly large (43–78%) at the sites in the Lithuanian part of the river. The corresponding load increase in the Belarussian part of the river was only 1–15%. The statistical analyses of concentration data confirm the strong upward NO₃-N trend at the Nemunas mouth and at 5 of the 6 tributaries in the lower part of Nemunas. Temporal and spatial analysis of nitrates transport in the Nemunas River and its main tributaries revealed that nitrates mainly originate from agricultural areas. The upward trends were most likely an effect of ploughing of pastures and unbalanced crop fertilisation in combination with large storage and accumulation of soil-nitrogen during the Soviet period.On contrary to nitrate-N, the area-specific load of PO₄-P decreased significantly from the first to the third period at all sites along the Nemunas River (31–86%). Seasonal (SMK) and Partial (PMK) Mann-Kendall tests on PO₄-P concentrations also showed significant downward trend at 14 of 16 investigated sites. The decrease of PO₄-P levels was attributed to the reduction of municipal and industrial point source emissions and to the decreased livestock numbers.The NH₄-N load showed the same pattern as PO₄-P. At the river mouth the load was 90 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ during the first period compared to only 20–30 kg km⁻² yr⁻¹ in the third period. The trend test on NH₄-N concentrations detected significant downward trends at 5 out of 16 sites. The declines were explained by decreased emissions from cities and large animal breeding farms.This study showed that trend analysis at multiple sites in a river basin is crucial for the understanding of the variability in time and space. Such analysis is also important for our interpretation of underlying sources and fluxes in a drainage basin over time. This is particularly important for compounds that have different source origin.     

皮带转运站除尘技术的研究与应用

针对皮带输送机运送各种含铁原料(矿粉),导致转运站岗位粉尘质量浓度严重超标的状况,通过不断研究、试验,研制了1种新型除尘装置,使转运站岗位粉尘质量浓度由过去的368 mg/m3降至10 mg/m3以下,解决了转运站扬尘的问题,目前此除尘技术已在济钢铁前区广泛推广应用.     

2015-2019年汾渭平原臭氧污染状况分析

基于全国空气质量监测网数据,分析了2015-2019年汾渭平原11个城市臭氧(O3)污染状况.结果 表明:2015-2019年,汾渭平原11个城市O3平均浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高12.2 μg/m3,其中,2017-2019年均超过二级标准限值(160μg/m3).O3单项污染物的空气质量分指数占空气质量指数的比...     

燃料NO生成的总包反应速率

基于全面化学反应体系,对燃料ＮＯ的反应特性进行了详细的数值计算和理论分析,指出了目前应用较多的ＤｅＳｏｅｔｅＮＯ总反应模型的不足,同时,通过引入燃料氮氧化过程中关联组分Ｏ与ＯＨ离子的浓度和,用多元回归的方法得到了燃料ＮＯ生成的总包反应速率表达式。     

改进的二相厌氧消化系统的特性研究

研究填充酸化反应器及其与ＵＡＳＢ甲烷化反应器组成的二相厌氧消化系统的运行特性,填充酸化反应器启动方便酸化速率高,抗水力冲击和ｐＨ波动的能力强,ＣＯＤ容积负荷达２００ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）,采用预调碱工艺,二相消化运行正常,可高效地处理酿酒废水,在进为ＣＯＤ浓度１０００－７０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤ负荷４０ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,出料ＣＯＤ浓度小于２００ｍｇ／Ｌ对抗生素生产废水也有较好的处理效果。     

高分子多孔小球GDX-102对水中有机氯农药的富集作用

测定了国产高分子小球GDX-102对水中微量有机氯农药(β-666、p,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDT)的吸附容量和富集效率,选取了动态富集最佳水样流速.结果表明,GDX-102对上述三种有机氯农药均有较大的吸附容量,其数值分别为14.2mg/g(β-666)、22.3mg/g(p,p’-DDE)和31.4mg/g(p,p’-DDT).在实验条件下,水样流速在0—60ml/min范围内变化时,对GDX-102的富集效率影响甚小,富集效率接近100％,因此,GDX-102可应用于环境水样中微量有机氯农药的现场采样富集.     

Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe

Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C₇F₁₄, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C₆F₁₂, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C₈F₁₆, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3 fl ℓ^-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33 fl ℓ^-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8 fl ℓ^-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.     

利用(HJ/T2.2-93)导则进行排气筒几何高度设计的探讨

确定烟囱高度 ,既要满足大气污染的扩散稀释要求 ,又要考虑节省投资 ,最终保证地面浓度不超过《环境空气质量标准》规定的浓度限值。本文根据 (HJ T2 2— 93)中有关公式 ,经过深一步推导 ,得出孤立排气筒几何高度设计的计算公式。为在一般情况下 ,凡以 (HJ T2 2— 93)为依据的烟囱几何高度设计和环境质量评价工作提供了一个简便、易用的方法。