石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中Pb——以0.1NHNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂

研究了以0.1N HNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂测定海水中Pb的方法,讨论并确定了测定的最佳条件.结果表明在仪器最佳条件下,以0.1N HNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂可有效消除海水基体干扰,检出限为1.2μg/L,实际样品相对标准偏差小于4%,加标回收率为95%～104%.     

Analysis of gross alpha, gross beta activities and beryllium-7 concentrations in surface air: their variations and statistical prediction model

Measurement of gross α, gross β activities and cosmogenic beryllium-7 (⁷Be) concentrations were made both daily and weekly during the years 2001–2004 from samples of atmospheric aerosols filtered from the air at Tehran Nuclear Research Center (35 41′ N) and Zahedan (28 29′ N). Weekly aerosol samples collected with the high-volume air samplers on cellulose filters were used to determine the ⁷Be contents of samples, using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. Airborne dust samples were collected daily on fiber glass filters and used to determine the gross β and gross α activities with automatic beta analyzer and a ZnS(Ag) counter, respectively. In this work, the concentration and meteorological data were used to determine models for gross α, gross β and ⁷Be. The air concentrations of gross β and gross α activities and ⁷Be concentrations displayed lognormal distributions during the study period. Both β and ⁷Be have maximum activity concentrations during warm mid-year months.     

拉曼光谱在比较水中杂质浓度的研究

为了比较不同水样品中所含杂质浓度的相对大小,运用激光拉曼光谱的分析方法,测量了四种不同水样品的激光拉曼光谱,同时还测量了蒸馏水的激光拉曼光谱.计算了它们的弯曲振动强度与伸缩振动强度之比,并对测量和计算结果进行了比较和分析.结果表明,水中所舍杂质浓度的相对大小不仅可以从其拉曼谱杂峰和毛刺的多少做定性比较,而且还可以从弯曲振动强度与伸缩振动强度的比值的相对大小做定量比较.这为水质分析提供了新的有效途径.     

武汉20世纪90年代暴雨异常的物理环境变化背景探讨

根据武汉1951－2000年50年暴雨日数资料，应用Mann-Kendall统计方法对暴雨邓列进行年限突变检验。揭示出武汉暴雨在1979年发生突变，20世纪80年代后暴雨出现频数明显上升，强度增大，90年代达到最大，同时指出武汉20世纪90年代暴雨日数和暴雨量异常的显著特征，着重从西太平洋副热带高压，阻塞高压，太平洋海温等重要物理环境因子的突变出发，探讨造成20世纪90年代武汉暴雨异常的物理变化背景，结果表明，在武汉暴雨异常多的90年代与暴雨异常少的70年代，所对应的大气，海洋环境背景显著不同，90年代北半球500hPa月平均高度场是处于几十年中正异常最大的阶段，西太平洋副热带高压持续偏南，偏强，西伸脊点偏西，东亚中高纬度环流异常，维持稳定的阻塞高压形势，赤道东太平洋海温（SST）出现最大正距平，为近50年来的异常增温时期，厄尔尼诺（ENSO）事件发生频繁。     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.     

Number concentration and size distributions of submicron particles in Jinan urban area： Characteristics in summer and winter

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution were measured with the newly developed Wide-range Particle Spectrometer in summer and winter of 2006 at the urban site of Jinan City.Here reported the characteristics of fine particles of the different observation seasons.Relative high number concentrations for the particles in the diameter range of 10-500 nm were observed in both seasons.It was found that the dominant number distributed in particle diameter smaller than 100 nm and the percentage over the number concentration of all air particles is much higher than what has been measured in other urban sites over the world.The number mean diameter in summer was much smaller than in winter,strongly suggesting the different origin of ultrafine particles in different seasons.That is, particles in ultrafine mode mainly came from nucleation and new particle formation in summer while from traffic emission in winter. The diurnal variation also supported this point.Number concentration in the diameter range of 10-200 nm got their peak values at noontime,well correlated with the mixing ratio of SO_2 and the intensity of solar radiation in summer.While in winter,those in the same diameter range showed the main peaks during the traffic hours happened in the morning and evening.     

Indoor Air Quality at Rural and Urban Sites in Pakistan

In the developing world, the vast majority of people rely on solid biomass fuels for cooking and heating which results in poor indoor air quality. The present study determined indoor air quality in some rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Measurements were made of particulate mass (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1), number concentration and bioaerosols in different micro environments. PM10 concentrations of up to 8,555 μg/m³ were observed inside the kitchens where biofuels were used as energy source. Cleaning and smoking was identified as a major source of indoor particulate pollution and concentrations of more than more than 2,000 μg/m³ were recorded in the living room during these activities. Indoor number concentrations in Lahore were typically greater than those observed outdoors in European cites. At a rural site the highest Colony Forming Units (CFUs) were in the 0.5 μm–2 μm size fraction, while at the urban location CFUs were dominant for 2 μm–16 μm. It was observed that CFUs(Colony Forming Units) counts were higher inside living rooms than kitchens. It is important to note that women and children were exposed to extremely high levels of particulates during cooking. Overall, indoor air quality in Pakistan was poor and there is a dire need to take a serious step to combat with it.     

Laboratory longitudinal diffusion tests: 1. Dimensionless formulations and validity of simplified solutions

To obtain reliable diffusion parameters for diffusion testing, multiple experiments should not only be cross-checked but the internal consistency of each experiment should also be verified. In the through- and in-diffusion tests with solution reservoirs, test interpretation of different phases often makes use of simplified analytical solutions. This study explores the feasibility of steady, quasi-steady, equilibrium and transient-state analyses using simplified analytical solutions with respect to (i) valid conditions for each analytical solution, (ii) potential error, and (iii) experimental time. For increased generality, a series of numerical analyses are performed using unified dimensionless parameters and the results are all related to dimensionless reservoir volume (DRV) which includes only the sorptive parameter as an unknown. This means the above factors can be investigated on the basis of the sorption properties of the testing material and/or tracer. The main findings are that steady, quasi-steady and equilibrium-state analyses are applicable when the tracer is not highly sorptive. However, quasi-steady and equilibrium-state analyses become inefficient or impractical compared to steady state analysis when the tracer is non-sorbing and material porosity is significantly low. Systematic and comprehensive reformulation of analytical models enables the comparison of experimental times between different test methods. The applicability and potential error of each test interpretation can also be studied. These can be applied in designing, performing, and interpreting diffusion experiments by deducing DRV from the available information for the target material and tracer, combined with the results of this study.     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤Cl-吸附特性的研究

对不同浓度KCl和不同pH下,3种可变电荷土壤和4种恒电荷土壤Cl-吸附量进行了测定。结果表明,土壤Cl-吸附量随平衡Cl-浓度C（e）增加而增大,恒电荷土壤呈线性,可变电荷土壤在添加Cl-0.5~5.0mmol/L下,符合Langmuir吸附等温式。同一浓度下的Cl-吸附量及其随浓度增加的速率均为砖红壤>红壤>赤红壤>黄棕壤>棕壤、暗棕壤和黑土,与这些土壤所带正电荷量顺序相一致。Langmuir方程K值较小且几种土壤差异不大。恒电荷土壤对Cl-的吸附量很小,在浓度较低时常出现负吸附,其吸附机理可能更多的是与K+吸附时的同时吸附。7种土壤Cl-吸附量均随pH增加而降低,但降低强度可变电荷土壤远大于恒电荷土壤。