油气管道盗孔接管修复结构强度分析

管道打孔现象作为第三方破坏的主要形式威胁着油气输送管道的安全运行。焊接接管是一种常见的管道盗孔修复补强方法,但焊接接管导致管道几何形状突变,破坏了原有的应力分布。建立管道盗孔接管修复结构的有限元模型,运用非线性有限元方法对管道在内压载荷作用下的应力分布进行了计算。研究结果表明:焊接接管导致了管道开孔附近区域局部应力集中,且随内压增加应力集中面积逐渐加大;最大应力点出现在管道开孔0o处(管道开孔内壁轴向位置);在保证焊接工艺的情况下,较小的接管管径、与管道主体壁厚相近的接管壁厚具有更好的修复效果。     

Exposure to Methyl Methacrylate and Its Subjective Symptoms Among Dental Technicians,Tehran, Iran

Exposure to methyl methacrylate (MMA), total dust and health symptoms were investigated in 20 dental laboratories located in Tehran, Iran. Time-weighted average (TWA) of MMA and peak concentrations were determined, using XAD-2 tubes followed by GC-ID analysis. Total dusts were evaluated gravimetrically. Health symptoms were asked using a questionnaire. TWA for technicians with direct and indirect exposure to MMA were 327.28 ± 79.42 and 282.9 ± 41.84 mg/m³ , respectively. Peak concentration of MMA for those technicians were 337.0 ± 36.81 and 328.88 ± 45.40 mg/m³, respectively.

There were no significant differences between TWA of MMA and peak concentration in different weekly workdays; however, within-day variations were observed (P < .05).

TWA of MMA and peak concentration correlation with the laboratory volume were 0.61-0.65. Dust exposure of technicians was 2.35 ± 2.70 mg/m³. Cough and skin dryness were the common health symptoms. Smoking and asbestos exposure history were factors influencing cough prevalence (p < .05).

It is concluded that the current Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is not low enough to protect technicians against the adverse effects caused by MMA.     

Explosibility of micron- and nano-size titanium powders

Explosibility of micron- and nano-titanium was determined and compared according to explosion severity and likelihood using standard dust explosion equipment. ASTM methods were followed using a Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven. The explosibility parameters investigated for both size ranges of titanium include explosion severity (maximum explosion pressure (P_max) and size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St)) and explosion likelihood (minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT)). Titanium particle sizes were ?100 mesh (<150 μm), ?325 mesh (<45 μm), ≤20 μm, 150 nm, 60–80 nm, and 40–60 nm. The results show a significant increase in explosion severity as the particle size decreases from ?100 mesh with an apparent plateau being reached at ?325 mesh and ≤20 μm. Micron-size explosion severity could not be compared with that for nano-titanium due to pre-ignition of the nano-powder in the 20-L chamber. The likelihood of an explosion increases significantly as the particle size decreases into the nano range. Nano-titanium is very sensitive and can self-ignite under the appropriate conditions. The explosive properties of the nano-titanium can be suppressed by adding nano-titanium dioxide to the dust mixture. Safety precautions and procedures for the nano-titanium are also discussed.     

The effect of admixed material on the minimum explosible concentration of oil shale

The minimum explosible concentration (MEC) in the air atmosphere at the boundary between an explosion and no explosion in a dust cloud, has been investigated for several particle sizes of oil shale and for mixtures of oil shale and inert powder of different particle size. Limestone, stone dust and coarse particle size of oil shale were used as inert materials. Measurements were made in a standard small vertical tube apparatus. The results obtained indicated that the minimum explosible concentration is dependent on the particle size, i.e., values of MEC decrease with a decrease in the size of the particles. Below 70 μm, values of MEC become almost constant. Admixture of limestone as low as 5% to oil shale is sufficient to reduce the MEC values significantly.     

易燃、易爆(有毒)重大危险源(罐区)泄漏物扩散模型及数值模拟

在研究易燃、易爆、有毒的重大危险源和泄漏物扩散模型的基础上,建立了易燃、易爆、有毒物三维数值模拟程序,得到了复杂地形条件下关键点的有害物浓度历史和有害物的时空分布     

标准受限空间内细水雾熄灭煤油火的实验和数值模拟

在3.0m×3.0m×2.8m标准受限空间内,采用煤油模拟池火,火灾功率设定为195kW,进行了一系列细水雾灭火试验。对灭火时间做了详细记录,并实验研究了灭火时间的重现性及其相关因素。采用M-9000燃烧分析仪对细水雾施加前后火灾烟气(如氧气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫)的浓度进行了在线测量。其结果表明:细水雾灭火系统熄灭煤油火的时间均在20s以内,灭火时间重现性保持在91.9%以内;施加细水雾后,氧气浓度降低,一氧化碳浓度升高,燃烧更加不完全。采用FDS模拟了细水雾熄灭煤油火,预测的温度场和灭火时间与实验结果吻合较好。     

影响吹脱塔对垃圾渗滤液氨吹脱效率因素研究

垃圾渗滤液氨氮含量高,用吹脱塔进行氨吹脱时,pH值、水温、气液比对吹脱效率有较大的影响。当pH在9．2～11．5时,吹脱效率随pH值增加而提高;但高于11．5,吹脱效率随pH值增加变化不大。水温越高,吹脱效率越高。气液比在3500m^3／m^3以下时,随着气液比的升高,吹脱效率显著升高,但当气液比上升至3500m^3／m^3以上时,吹脱效率变化较平稳。氨氮浓度的高低对吹脱效率影响不大。     

基于不同厌氧反应形式动力学方程解析

基于传统生化动力学理论，分别以Monod方程、Contios方程推导出包含生化反应基本因素的代谢特征方程式；根据以循环为特点的厌氧反应器的运行特点，进一步椎导出建立在循环基础上的反应器代谢特征方程；通过分析厌氧反应过程机理和不同高效厌氧反应器的特点，提出了所建方程的应用原则及相应应用对象。     

北京市和厦门市大气 CO2 浓度及 δ13C 值变化特征

本文对北京市和厦门市大气CO_2及δ~(13)C进行观测,研究内陆城市和沿海城市CO_2浓度及δ~(13)C的季节和昼夜变化规律及影响因素,以期为政府制定碳减排政策提供科学依据。北京市和厦门市CO_2浓度均呈现秋冬季高于春夏季,而δ~(13)C秋冬季低于春夏季,季节差异原因可能是秋冬大气边界层降低,化石燃料消耗增加,贫13C的CO_2气体大量排放。观测期间,两个城市日变化模式均表现为CO_2夜间高于白天,δ~(13)C夜间低于白天;且在早晚交通高峰时段,两地CO_2浓度均有不同程度升高,而δ~(13)C有不同程度降低。冬季,北京市由于受西、北部高山阻挡,在东南风条件下使得其夜间大气CO_2浓度显著增高,δ~(13)C值则显著降低。根据两地新增CO_2的δ~(13)C值(δs)推测,北京市受到煤炭燃烧贡献较大,厦门市季节差异较大,推测受植物排放CO_2速率及气象条件等共同影响。     

红外光度法测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油研究

文章对如何提高低浓度样品测量的准确度进行了探讨.在测量低浓度的水样时,在萃取过程中除了四氯化碳会对水样中的油份进行萃取,水对四氯化碳中的极性物质也进行反萃取,当样品中含油浓度很低时,由于四氯化碳含极性物质可能大于油分含量,从而出现负值.因此测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油是一项精细的工作,在实际工作中应该尽量采取下文所述的方法避免这种情况,只有做好了测量的各个环节,才能保证测量结果的精确可靠.