黄土高原东部大气降尘量的空间和季节变化

2012年,黄土高原东部未发生明显沙尘事件,降尘主要表现为常态化的非尘暴降尘.对2012年该区18个站点降尘量监测结果表明,研究区年均降尘量为89.27t/(km2×a),春季、夏季、秋季和冬季分别占全年的53.69%、22.45%、8.44%和15.42%;降尘量季节变化主要受风速影响,但高的降水量和NDVI指数也可以减少降尘量;在现代气候背景下,研究区各季节非尘暴降尘均主要为地方性粉尘,春、冬季降尘中远源粉尘含量相对较高,总体来说,黄土高原东部已很少接收西北干旱区的远源粉尘;与地质时期风尘通量相比,黄土高原现代降尘量表明现代气候可能处于间冰期较为暖湿的时期,并且倒数第2次冰期和末次冰期的整体气候环境可能类似于黄土高原西部现代3、4月份的气候,而倒数第2次间冰期和末次间冰期则类似于黄土高原东部现代5、6月份的气候.     

我国大气背景点挥发性有机污染物的浓度水平与组成特征

2010—2011年间,在全国范围内选择具有代表性的10个大气背景点开展相关研究,对大气背景点中VOCs的浓度水平与组成特征进行了系统的分析.研究结果表明,我国大气背景点挥发性有机物浓度范围为(3.82±2.96)μg.m-3—(22.74±3.60)μg.m-3,与其它国家和地区背景点空气中VOCs浓度相比,我国背景点空气中VOCs浓度处于较低水平.在空间分布上,大气背景点空气中VOCs浓度呈现东部较高,西部较低的态势,在季节变化上,除河北承德外,山东长岛、重庆武隆、西藏曲水和青海湖4个背景点均呈现出夏季空气中VOCs浓度高于冬季的趋势,这主要是由于夏季气温高,有利于VOCs挥发的原因.初步来源分析结果表明,我国背景点大气中挥发性有机物可能主要来源于自然燃烧、大气传输和局地的污染影响.     

A study on the accumulation of nine heavy metals in some important fish species from a natural reservoir in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) in the muscles of four fish species (O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, P. latipinna, and A. d. dispar) collected from the Riyadh River were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two different seasons in 2012. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna were found to be below the safe limits suggested by various authorities. This study also showed that Zn was predominant, while Cr was least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles. Data demonstrated that there was a significant variation in the heavy-metal concentrations in different fish species in the Riyadh River. Significant positive correlations between heavy-metal concentrations in fish muscles were also found both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Metal pollution index was calculated to distinguish polluted from unpolluted ecosystems based upon current knowledge of metal bioavailability, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation patterns. From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was a possible health risk to consumers due to the intake of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna under the current consumption rate in the country.     

Determination of tolerable and toxic salt concentrations in drinking water in rat,pig, and rabbit

In some geographical areas human and animal populations are compelled to use salty water. In this study, tolerable and toxic salt concentrations were evaluated in rat, pig, and rabbit. Ninety Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were allocated to nine groups for study. For treatment, distilled water, 0.5, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 or 2% salt (NaCl) concentrations were consumed by test groups, while the control group consumed Zanjan potable water. All animals were observed twice daily for mortality or evidence of morbidity. Serum sodium levels and plasma osmolarity were measured at the onset of experiment and 120 h later. Similar experimental conditions were employed in pig and rabbit. Rat tolerated 0.5, 1, and 1.2% NaCl concentrations in drinking water but higher concentrations were toxic and life threatening, accompanied by significantly increased serum sodium levels and plasma osmolarity. This study showed that pig was the most sensitive and rabbit the most resistant species to different NaCl concentrations. Although NaCl concentrations lower than 1.4% was considered as tolerable in rat, the animal health was affected. NaCl concentrations of 1.4% and higher may jeopardize animal health and were considered as toxic amounts.     

Concentrations of cadmium,manganese, copper,zinc, and lead in the tissues of the oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) obtained from Setiu Lagoon,Terengganu, Malaysia

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is a major problem contributing to human health issues. The study of these pollutants through bioindicators such as the oyster Crassostrea iredalei is important for (1) determining the levels and sources and (2) regulating the quantity of pollutants. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in tissues of C. iredalei, sediment and surrounding water was measured, and data was analyzed to determine the relationship between sampling periods and between oyster tissue, sediment, and water. The highest concentration of metals in oyster tissue was Zn, followed by Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Malaysian Food Act of 1983, which is equivalent to the WHO recommended levels of heavy metals in organisms used for consumption. The highest metal concentration in sediment was Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in surrounding water were Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd. There was no correlation between metal concentration in oyster tissue and in sediment for all five metals.     

香格里拉本底站大气CO2浓度及变化特征初步研究

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy,CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2010年9月—2011年8月在云南香格里拉大气本底站对大气CO2进行了初步观测.该站春、夏、秋、冬季CO2平均本底浓度分别为394.78×10-6(物质的量之比,下同)、386.82×10-6、386.46×10-6和390.74×10-6.全年浓度在4—5月最高,7月份最低,全年月均值振幅约12.22×10-6.四季浓度日平均高值出现在上午7∶00左右,最低值出现在14∶00—17∶00.日变化振幅在冬季最小,夏季最大,分别为1.51×10-6和21.82×10-6.四季西南来向的地面风对CO2浓度均有明显的降低作用.通过四季每日整点后向轨迹聚类计算,结合浓度资料分析发现,该站春、夏、秋季来自于西南方向的气团降低了观测的CO2浓度,而在冬季未起到明显的降低作用,主要因该站局地植被生态系统排放减少所致.     

苯并[a]芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

苯并芘(B[a]P)已广泛分布于海洋环境中,低等海洋无脊椎动物从受精卵开始整个生长发育过程都面临着B[a]P等多环芳烃类污染物(PAHs)的威胁。本实验以热带海洋优势贝类马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)作为材料,研究B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将幼虫暴露于不同浓度(1、2、4、10和15μg·L-1)B[a]P中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、72、84小时,分别测定其D型面盘幼虫的死亡率和畸形数。结果表明:B[a]P对D型面盘幼虫死亡率的影响明显,死亡率与时间呈正相关,其中4和10μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。在1～10μg·L-1浓度范围内,死亡率与浓度呈正相关;B[a]P暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,且随着浓度的增大产生畸形个体的时间越短。另外,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低后趋于稳定,48h时LC50趋于稳定,为21.56μg·L-1。研究表明,B[a]P对马氏珠母贝D形幼虫的发育具有不利影响,并可能影响其种群结构。     

不同区域城市排水系统中H2S的溢出规律

通过对广州、兰州和昆明等城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度、管网参数与水质指标等进行实地监测,考察不同区域城市排水系统中H2S溢出规律.结果表明,不同城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度与当地居民生活习惯相关,并具有明显的时段特征;在相同监测时段内,不同区域H2S溢出浓度与溶解氧浓度(DO)、有机物浓度、硫化物浓度、硫酸盐浓度以及污水流量有关.单样本K-S检验结果表明,不同区域城市排水系统H2S的溢出浓度具有相同分布规律,均近似服从正态分布.独立样本t检验结果表明,广州与兰州H2S的溢出浓度没有显著差异,但与昆明的H2S溢出浓度则具有显著差异.     

辽宁本溪大气颗粒物浓度特征

利用本溪大气成分监测站2008年3月至2009年2月大气颗粒物监测仪GRIMM180的连续监测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化、谱分布特征以及大气颗粒物与气象因素的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,本溪PM10和PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为0.086 mg.m-3和0.058 mg.m-3,其日平均质量浓度变化幅度较大;冬季和夏季质量浓度日变化均呈现明显的双峰双谷特征;数浓度谱分布较好地符合Junge分布;PM10日平均值超标率为8.7%,且大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子的形式存在;随风速的增大大气颗粒物质量浓度基本呈现逐渐减小的趋势,当风速〉0.6 m.s-1时,大气颗粒物质量浓度随风速增大下降明显,风速〉3.0 m.s-1时,下降的趋势减缓;降水过程对大气颗粒物有清除作用,其中对粗粒子的清除效果非常明显.     

超滤应用于中水系统反渗透浓水回用的试验研究

河北某电厂拟将中水系统中反渗透浓水采用超滤处理进行回用,研究了浓水水质以及pH值对超滤处理效果的影响。结果表明,pH值在5.5左右时超滤处理效果最好,对该浓水中的有机物和硅的去除效果明显。