我国耕地面积重心及耕地生态背景质量的动态变化

基于中国环境资源数据库及对中国耕地面积１０年变化研究的基础，采用重心模型方法，通过计算两个时期的耕地面积重心，得出中国耕地面积重心１０年向西北移动了２８．３３７７ｋｍ，尔后，在耕地生态背景质量模糊评价的基础上，生成耕地生态背景质量指数，利用此指数计算出耕地重心的移动所导致的中国耕地质量下降２．５２％的定量化数值。     

From Adaptive Management to Adjustive Management: A Pragmatic Account of Biodiversity Values

Abstract: The conservation of biodiversity poses an exceptionally difficult problem in that it needs to be effective in a context of double uncertainty: scientific (i.e., how to conserve biodiversity) and normative (i.e., which biodiversity to conserve and why). Although adaptive management offers a promising approach to overcome scientific uncertainty, normative uncertainty is seldom tackled by conservation science. We expanded on the approach proposed by adaptive‐management theorists by devising an integrative and iterative approach to conservation that encompasses both types of uncertainty. Inspired by environmental pragmatism, we suggest that moral values at stake in biodiversity conservation are plastic and that a plurality of individual normative positions can coexist and evolve. Moral values should thus be explored through an experimental process as additional parameters to be incorporated in the traditional adaptive‐management approach. As such, moral values should also be monitored by environmental ethicists working side by side with scientists and managers on conservation projects. Acknowledging the diversity of moral values and integrating them in a process of collective deliberation will help overcome the normative uncertainty. We used Dewey's distinction between adaptation and adjustment to offer a new paradigm built around what we call adjustive management, which reflects both the uncertainty and the likely evolution of the moral values humans attribute to biodiversity. We illustrate how this paradigm relates to practical conservation decisions by exploring the case of the Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus), an alien species in France that is the target of an eradication plan undertaken with little regard for moral issues. We propose that a more satisfying result of efforts to control Sacred Ibis could have been reached by rerouting the traditional feedback loop of adaptive management to include a normative inquiry. This adjustive management approach now needs to be tested in real‐case conservation programs.     

探讨富集因子背景值的选择

为探讨富集因子(EF)背景值的选择,利用黑龙江省甘南县大气降尘重金属元素数据,分别选用黑龙江省A层土壤环境、平均大陆地壳、大陆上地壳为背景,计算Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn的EF值.研究表明,采用平均大陆地壳和大陆上地壳元素丰度作为背景值时,Pb、Zn、As等元素的EF均值大于2,元素富集一定程度上与人为输入作用有关;采用黑龙江省A层土壤作为背景,As元素EF均值小于2,元素在大气中的富集主要为自然输入;通过相关性分析,As与Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu同为自然源,结果与选用黑龙江省A层土壤为背景时判别结果较一致.本文认为,导致不同背景值取得的EF值差异较大的原因为自然条件下元素的富集和亏损,采用区域土壤元素背景值能够较为准确地判断大气降尘中元素的主要来源.     

神农架大九湖亚高山湿地环境背景与生态恢复

针对神农架林区大九湖亚高山湿地退化问题,在联合科学考察基础上,分析区域环境背景状况及生态退化原因,提出湿地保护、利用和生态恢复相关建议。调查内容包括：区域地形地貌状况,地质构造、地层、岩溶发育规律和落水洞分布状况,河流水系的分布、流量变化和水质状况,沼生植被的分布和演替规律,湿地演变过程及人类活动对湿地影响等方面。〖JP2〗研究发现：神农架大九湖湿地演变和土地利用结构变化受水利工程直接影响,1986年以来大规模开挖人工沟渠、疏通落水孔、排干沼泽开垦种植等活动,是湿地生态环境退化的重要因素;湿地退化主要反映为湖泊水面消失、沼泽湿地退化、湿地生态系统向陆生生态系统演化,生物多样性减少,泥炭资源遭受破坏,水质下降。根据调查结果,从原则、措施方案、管理机构、产业、资金等方面对大九湖湿地的保护、利用和生态恢复提出建议。     

游憩价值评价方法探讨——以凤阳山自然保护区为例

风景区游憩价值的评估对景区经营管理及开发保护等工作具有重要意义。本文基于笔者对条件价值法的创新,通过问卷设计和抽样调查,对凤阳山保护区游憩价值进行评估,计算出其2010年的总游憩价值2 031万元人民币。此项研究丰富了我国的环境价值评估理论研究和应用实践。     

The role of physical processes controlling the behaviour of radionuclide contaminants in the aquatic environment: a review of state-of-the-art modelling approaches

This paper is aimed at presenting and discussing the methodologies implemented in state-of-the-art models for predicting the physical processes of radionuclide migration through the aquatic environment, including transport due to water currents, diffusion, settling and re-suspension. Models are briefly described, model parameter values reviewed and values recommended. The different modelling approaches are briefly classified and the advantages and disadvantages of the various model approaches and methodologies are assessed.     

社会环境道德价值观发展阶段与可持续发展

社会环境道德价值观是人们对人与自然环境道德关系的一种普遍的社会意识，它作为环境意识的核心内容，决定着人们的环境行为取向。当前我国社会环境道德价值观发展正处于从传统人类中心主义向现代人类中心主义的转变阶段。为实现我国可持续发展目标，社会环境道德价值观尚须由现代人类中心主义阶段向生存系统协调论阶段迈进。