光合细菌生物制氢反应器研究进展

光合细菌生物制氢技术,是将太阳能利用和环境治理结合起来的可再生能源生产技术,具有良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益.光合细菌制氢反应器研究是将该技术引向产业化的关键步骤.本文列举了目前光合细菌制氢研究中典型的反应器型式,分析了各自的优缺点;总结了反应器高效产氢所必需保证的运行操作条件,如光照强度、温度、pH值等,指出了目前研究中存在的不足;给出了规模化光合细菌生物制氢时需要用到的反应器性能评价指标.并针对目前反应器的研究现状,提出了后续研究应当遵循的方向.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos by an endophytic bacterium of the Sphingomonas genus (strain HJY) isolated from Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum)

The degradation of chlorpyrifos (CP) by an endophytic bacterial strain (HJY) isolated from Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng) was investigated. Strain HJY was identified as Sphingomonas sp. based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests and a 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Approximately 96% of 20 mg L^?1 CP was degraded by strain HJY over 15 days in liquid minimal salts medium (MSM). The CP degradation rate could also be increased by glucose supplementation. The optimal conditions for the removal of 20 mg L^?1 CP by strain HJY in MSM were 2% inoculum density, pH 6.0, and 30–35°C. The CP degradation rate constant and half-life were 0.2136 ± 0.0063 d^?1 and 3.2451 ± 0.0975 d, respectively, under these conditions, but were raised to 0.7961 ± 0.1925 d^?1 and 0.8707 ± 0.3079 d with 1% glucose supplementation. The detection of metabolic products and screening for degrading genes indicated that O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridinol was the major degradation product from CP, while it was likely that some functional genes were undetected and the mechanism responsible for CP degradation by strain HJY remained unknown. Strain HJY is potentially useful for the reduction of CP residues in Chinese chives and may be used for the in situ phytoremediation of CP.     

水单胞菌CA滤液的溶藻特性及其溶藻物质

针对一株具有明显溶藻效果的水单胞菌CA（Aquimonas sp.）,对其滤液的溶藻活性以及溶藻物质特性做了进一步的探索。结果表明,CA滤液具有强烈的溶藻效果。10 d内叶绿素a降解率达79.2%,藻细胞数目降解率达98.5%。同时,藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白急剧降低,分别降低了81.67%和82.60%。丙二醛含量也有所降低。通过研究溶藻物质的活性,发现溶藻物质经蛋白酶K处理后仍具有溶藻活性,说明溶藻物质是非蛋白类物质;溶藻物质具有较强的热稳定性,即使在121℃下处理2 h活性仍未丧失;溶藻物质在碱性条件下有较强的pH稳定性,在酸性条件下活性会有小部分丧失;同时通过有机试剂萃取,发现溶藻物质具有较强的极性。本研究为溶藻物质的溶藻特性研究以及溶藻物质的分离提供了理论基础。     

海洋细菌产淀粉酶条件的研究

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸显色法测定淀粉酶的酶活,研究碳源、氮源、各种理化因素等培养条件对细菌产淀粉酶的影响.结果表明,最佳碳源为麸皮,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最适初始PH值为7.90-8.20,培养温度31℃,在装液量为100mL三角瓶中装液40mL.通过对发酵条件的优化,酶活比未优化前提高了2.71倍.     

Effect of endophyte-infection on growth parameters and Cd-induced phytotoxicity of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L

The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of endophytic bacterium inoculation on plant growth and assess the possible mechanism of endophyte in heavy metal phytoremediation. Seeds of Solanum nigrum L. were inoculated with endophyte Serratia nematodiphila LRE07 and were subjected to Cd in the growing medium. Cd produced a significant inhibition on plant growth and a reduction in the content of photosynthetic pigments. The inoculation of endophytic bacterium alleviated the Cd-induced changes, resulting in more biomass production and higher photosynthetic pigments content of leaves compared with non-symbiotic ones. The beneficial effect was more obvious at relatively low Cd concentration (10 μM). Based on the alteration of nutrient uptake and activated oxygen metabolism in infected plants, the possible mechanisms of endophytic bacterium in Cd phytotoxicity reduction can be concluded as uptake enhancement of essential mineral nutrition and improvement in the antioxidative enzymes activities in infected plant.     

Novel enzymatic activity of cell free extract from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. UZO 3 catalyzes reductive cleavage of diaryl ether bonds of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

We characterized the ability of the cell free extract from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins degrading bacterium Geobacillus sp. UZO 3 to reduce even highly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins such as octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in incineration fly ash. The degradation of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,7-DCDD) as a model dioxin catalyzed by the cell free extract from this strain implicates that the ether bonds of 2,7-DCDD molecule undergo reductive cleavage, since 4′,5-dichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and 4-chlorophenol were detected as intermediate products of 2,7-DCDD degradation.     

真菌和细菌协同作用对染料的吸附与脱色降解

比较了5种真菌对染料水中染料的吸附去除和与脱色降解细菌L-1菌株(Enterobacter sp.)和L-2菌株(Pseudomonas sp.)对吸附染料的脱色降解能力;以吸附去除率和完全脱色时间综合评价,对筛选出的吸附性强并与细菌共培养时染料分子脱色降解速度快的绿曲霉为染料吸附菌,进一步测定了温度和pH值对绿曲霉吸附和与细菌共培养脱色降解活性黄M-3RE(C.I.Re.Ye.145)的影响.结果表明,温度对绿曲霉的吸附能力影响不大,在16～36 ℃下吸附5 h对活性黄M-3RE的去除率在95.1%～97.9%之间,但染料的完全脱色降解时间受温度影响较大,32～36 ℃下染料分子脱色降解较快.pH值对绿曲霉和细菌吸附、脱色降解能力均有一定影响.利用绿曲霉和细菌对印染行业中染料含量较高的染浴废水进行处理,绿曲霉可通过吸附作用快速去除废水中的染料分子,废水经绿曲霉处理5 h,色度、COD去除率分别为85.8%和56.1%,BOD/COD值由处理前的0.238提高到处理后的0.652,吸附在菌丝上的染料分子在细菌的共同作用下脱色降解.     

烷烃降解菌的筛选及其降解能力

以正十二烷、正十五烷和正十六烷为唯一碳源,从腈纶废水及其处理构筑物的生物膜中,分离、筛选出两株高效降解正烷烃的菌株C-14-1和C-14-2.经形态学观察和生理生化特征研究,两者均鉴定为诺卡氏菌(Nocardia spp.).通过摇瓶试验得出两菌株的最适生长条件为35℃,pH6,摇床转速(间接反映通气量)为250r/min,接种量为0.1%.在最适生长条件下,分别对不同初始浓度烷烃进行降解率试验.结果表明,两菌株降解正烷烃的能力显著,当混合烷烃中各烷烃的初始浓度约为50mg/L时,培养11h对正十二烷、正十五烷和正十六烷的降解率达到93%～100%;各烷烃的初始浓度约为100mg/L时,培养22h降解率达到97%～100%;各烷烃的初始浓度约为150mg/L时,培养22h降解率达到85%～93%.这两菌株在实际工程中将具有较好的应用前景.     

废水生物除磷技术探讨

介绍了废水生物除磷机理及目前国内外常用的新型生物除磷技术。