澜沧江-湄公河水资源公平合理分配模式分析

依据国际河流水资源公平合理利用的基本原则 ,水资源竞争利用之矛盾解决的基本方法以及水资源的三种基本分配模式 ,通过对澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源利用的趋势与流域国间的用水矛盾以及现有的流域国间的合作程度、流域的管理机制条件的分析 ,认为现澜沧江-湄公河流域内 ,进行全流域水资源全局分配是较为合理和切合实际的分配模式。     

基于多人合作对策思想的总量控制优化治理投资费用分摊方法

分析了污染物总量控制中各排污单位公平合理分摊优化治理投资费用的必要性，并阐明了应用对策论解决优化治理投资费用分摊问题的可能性．对优化治理投资费用分摊多人合作对策模型的建立及其求解方法（Ｓｈａｐｌｅｙ值法、核心法、ＣＧＡ法、ＭＣＲＳ法等）进行了描述，并将其应用于一案例中．最后指出应用对策论于总量控制优化治理投资费用分摊中将有助于总量控制规划方案的顺利实施，有效地控制污染、改善环境，使经济得以持续发展．     

城市土地资源分类评价及其与土地优化配置的关系

对城市土地质量分类型评价,迄今研究甚少。本文较系统地探讨了城市土地资源分类评价的理论、类别选择、因素与因子体系建立、评价基本方法和模型。从椒江等城市的实践看,土地分类评价更能为资源优化配置提供决策依据。     

排污产权交易优化的理论模型及实证分析

在阐述建立排污产权制度必要性的基础上提出了排污产权交易优化的理论模型，并对理论模型在强化环境管理相的优越性进行了论述，以江苏省太湖流域重点工业污染源达标排放企业为实例，说明参与排污产权交易越广，实现双赢效果越明显。     

Ecology of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Leptothorax</Emphasis> ants: impact of food,nest sites,and social parasites

In a long-term field manipulation, we demonstrate strong reactions of Leptothorax longispinosus ant colonies to food- and nest-site supplementation. Demographic and genetic responses varied over small geographic scales, and the two ecological factors interacted with the presence of the social parasite Protomognathus americanus. We conducted a 2×2 experiment in three blocks and found that the blocks, which were less than 100 m apart, reacted very differently to the treatments. Blocks differed in degree of polygyny, intranest relatedness, colony size, productivity, and sexual investment. Furthermore, these differences were associated with the presence of slave-making ants and the local availability of nest sites. Nest-site supplementation had a strong effect only in the site with the highest prevalence of social parasites, influencing there the density and investment patterns of colonies. L. longispinosus ants in the least parasitized area were strongly affected by both food- and nest-site supplementation. There, food supplementation led to a decrease in the number of queens per colony and consequently to an increase in intranest relatedness, while colonies in nest-site-supplemented areas invested fewer resources in males and produced a female-biased allocation ratio. By contrast, in a third block with a very low intracolonial relatedness, food supplementation induced an absolute and relative higher investment in males. We conclude that ecological factors influencing social organization in insect societies cannot be studied in isolation, because the interactions among factors produce far richer responses than any one variable.Communicated by L. Sundström     

Patterns of sexual cohabitation and female ejaculate storage in the American lobster (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Homarus americanus</Emphasis>)

Little is known of the time and ejaculate allocation strategies during mating of American lobster, Homarus americanus. This study investigated sexual cohabitation and female ejaculate accumulation patterns in a laboratory mating experiment, as well as female seminal receptacle load in exploited populations in the waters of the Magdalen and Anticosti Islands, in eastern Canada. In the laboratory experiment, the length of sexual cohabitation was proportionate to female size for large but not for small males. Also, large males cohabited with pre- and postmolt females longer than small males. These different time investment strategies can be explained by different mutual benefits. In the field and laboratory, larger females accumulated more ejaculate than smaller ones. This suggests that male lobsters tailor ejaculate to female size, a reliable index of her reproductive potential. Moreover, similarly-sized females accumulated more ejaculate when mated with large compared to small males. Comparison of receptacle loads between wild-mated and laboratory-mated females suggests that the former were mating mainly with smaller males, although some evidence of positive size-assortative mating existed, especially at the less exploited Anticosti site. The results are discussed in the context of evolutionary theory and of proposed management measures to increase egg production in exploited populations.Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

雌雄异株植物与性别比例有关的性别差异研究现状与展望

雌雄异株植物是陆地生态系统的重要组分,自然种群中其雌雄个体的性别比例通常为1∶1,但随水分、养分、CO2浓度、温度、光照和干扰水平等的不同而有所不同.一般来说,在逆境下性别比例偏雄性,这是雌雄异株植物性别分离的常见模式.雌雄异株植物不同性别间的差异主要体现在:(1)存活率,(2)形态特征,(3)生理生化特性,(4)物候期,(5)资源分配模式等方面,但对于雌雄个体差异的分子机理未见报道.这些差异导致了雌雄植株个体环境适应性的不同,从而表现为在不同环境下雌雄异株植物性别比例偏倚的现象.基于此,可结合不同树种雌雄性的不同用途,开展有关研究.参59     

城市工业大气污染物排放总量统筹分配研究

在持续推进环境空气质量全面达标改善进程中,城市大气污染的产业结构性特征愈发受到关注,但统筹空间和行业因子的大气污染物总量分配和控制研究相对薄弱.对此,在筛选城市大气污染主导行业和主控因子的基础上,综合考虑污染源空间分布和产业结构特征,通过构建指标体系并采用熵权法估算空间与行业总量分配系数,据此形成空间和行业统筹分配技术流程和方法,并应用于鄂尔多斯市.结果表明,该模式可以较好地适应大气污染工业贡献相对突出的城市,兼顾产业布局优化和行业规模调控,有助于完善总量分配体系和提高污染控制效果.     

四川省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征

在收集四川省各城市人为污染源活动水平数据基础上,基于自下而上和自上而下结合的清单构建方法,选取排放因子并结合GIS技术,建立了该地区2015年1 km×1 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2015年四川省人为源SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC、VOCs和NH_3排放量分别为444.9×10~3、820.0×10~3、3 773.1×10~3、1 371.6×10~3、537.5×10~3、28.7×10~3、53.1×10~3、923.6×10~3和988.0×10~3t.电厂和工业锅炉等燃煤排放贡献了95%以上的SO_2,移动源、化石燃料燃烧源和工艺过程源分别贡献了54%、23%和20%的NO_x,以钢铁和建材制造为主的工艺过程源分别贡献了20%的PM_(10)和34%的PM_(2.5),以道路扬尘为主的扬尘源分别贡献了60%的PM_(10)和35%的PM_(2.5),生物质燃烧分别贡献了33%的BC和51%的OC,以机械加工、建筑装饰、电子设备制造、印刷和家具等行业为主的溶剂使用源贡献了46%的VOCs,NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖和氮肥施用等农业部门排放,分别占总排放量的70%和25%.污染物空间分布结果显示,四川省各项大气污染物主要集中分布于人口最为密集,农业和工业均较为发达的四川盆地和攀枝花部分区域,其中,以成都、德阳和绵阳为代表的成都平原城市群为四川盆地内的主要排放高值区域.所建立的排放清单存在一定不确定性,后续研究中应针对活动水平数据获取的不足开展数据收集工作,加强排放贡献较大典型污染源的排放因子本地化研究工作,逐步完善四川省大气污染物排放清单,为四川省复合型大气污染研究和防治提供科学支撑.     

基于水经济价值的长江口环境流量探讨

适宜的环境流量对于维持河口生态系统稳定以及保障区域社会经济用水需求有着重要意义。论文以探讨水资源优化配置条件下长江口适宜环境流量为目的,基于水经济价值分析构建了长江中下游水资源优化配置模型,分析了区域缺水量以及环境流量约束的影子成本随长江口环境流量约束的变化。结果表明：当环境流量约束超过临界值后,区域缺水量不断增加,且环境流量约束产生非零影子成本;通过区域供水目标和环境流量约束的影子成本图确定长江口适宜环境流量的上限和下限,得到20%、50%、75%及95%水资源保证率下,长江口适宜环境流量分别为27.10×10⁹~29.65×10⁹、25.50×10⁹~27.12×10⁹、23.08×10⁹~24.62×10⁹及17.72×10⁹~19.65×10⁹ m³/月;该环境流量标准可以满足一定目标下长江口的生态需求。