基于旅客风险分类的安检流程研究

为解决铁路客运站旅客安检用时久、效率低等问题,分析国内铁路客运站安检服务流程现状,研究基于旅客风险等级分类的差异化安检流程,提出安检排队优化策略。根据旅客不同的风险等级将其划分为高风险旅客与低风险旅客,并设定对应的重点安检通道和常规安检通道。运用Anylogic软件构建安检模拟场景,采用2种安检方案仿真模拟实际安检流程,分析旅客风险阈值和2类通道的配置数对旅客平均安检时长的影响,并找出最优化的风险阈值和安检通道配置数。结果表明:当风险阈值μ为0.7时,总通道的平均安检时长达到最小值,通过设定的合理风险阈值及配置适当的安检通道数量可有效提升安检效率。     

考虑道路状况的应急配发站启用以及配送优化问题*

为了研究应急物资配发站启用及配送方案优化问题,综合考虑灾难事件下的道路损毁状况、道路复杂程度、需求不确定以及物资拆分配送等特点,以应急物资配发站启用成本、车辆启动成本、运输成本之和最小化为目标,建立应急物资配发站启用及配送模型,设计头脑风暴优化算法,结合算例,对该问题进行仿真,并将结果与遗传算法进行对比,验证模型的可行性和算法的有效性。结果表明,在决策时考虑道路状况能够有效降低系统成本,提高救援效率。     

天津市环境空气质量监测点位优化技术

概述了城市建成区面积扩大后,环境空气质量监测点位增设优化技术,本技术应用于天津市位点位优化工作,取得了较好的应用效果。     

Spatiotemporal trends of illegal activities from ranger‐collected data in a Ugandan national park

Within protected areas, biodiversity loss is often a consequence of illegal resource use. Understanding the patterns and extent of illegal activities is therefore essential for effective law enforcement and prevention of biodiversity declines. We used extensive data, commonly collected by ranger patrols in many protected areas, and Bayesian hierarchical models to identify drivers, trends, and distribution of multiple illegal activities within the Queen Elizabeth Conservation Area (QECA), Uganda. Encroachment (e.g., by pastoralists with cattle) and poaching of noncommercial animals (e.g., snaring bushmeat) were the most prevalent illegal activities within the QECA. Illegal activities occurred in different areas of the QECA. Poaching of noncommercial animals was most widely distributed within the national park. Overall, ecological covariates, although significant, were not useful predictors for occurrence of illegal activities. Instead, the location of illegal activities in previous years was more important. There were significant increases in encroachment and noncommercial plant harvesting (nontimber products) during the study period (1999–2012). We also found significant spatiotemporal variation in the occurrence of all activities. Our results show the need to explicitly model ranger patrol effort to reduce biases from existing uncorrected or capture per unit effort analyses. Prioritization of ranger patrol strategies is needed to target illegal activities; these strategies are determined by protected area managers, and therefore changes at a site‐level can be implemented quickly. These strategies should also be informed by the location of past occurrences of illegal activity: the most useful predictor of future events. However, because spatial and temporal changes in illegal activities occurred, regular patrols throughout the protected area, even in areas of low occurrence, are also required.     

A comparative approach to assess drivers of success in mammalian conservation recovery programs

The outcomes of species recovery programs have been mixed; high‐profile population recoveries contrast with species‐level extinctions. Each conservation intervention has its own challenges, but to inform more effective management it is imperative to assess whether correlates of wider recovery program success or failure can be identified. To contribute to evidence‐based improvement of future conservation strategies, we conducted a global quantitative analysis of 48 mammalian recovery programs. We reviewed available scientific literature and conducted semistructured interviews with conservation professionals involved in different recovery programs to investigate ecological, management, and political factors associated with population recoveries or declines. Identifying and removing threats was significantly associated with increasing population trend and decreasing conservation dependence, emphasizing that populations are likely to continue to be compromised in the absence of effective threat mitigation and supporting the need for threat monitoring and adaptive management in response to new and potential threats. Lack of habitat and small population size were cited as limiting factors in 56% and 42% of recovery programs, respectively, and both were statistically associated with increased longer term dependence on conservation intervention, demonstrating the importance of increasing population numbers quickly and restoring and protecting habitat. Poor stakeholder coordination and management were also regularly cited by respondents as key weaknesses in recovery programs, indicating the importance of effective leadership and shared goals and management plans. Project outcomes were not influenced by biological or ecological variables such as body mass or habitat, which suggests that these insights into correlates of conservation success and failure are likely to be generalizable across mammals.     

Streamflow Response to Climate as Influenced by Geology and Elevation1

Mayer, Timothy D. and Seth W. Naman, 2011. Streamflow Response to Climate as Influenced by Geology and Elevation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):724‐738. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00537.x Abstract: This study examines the regional streamflow response in 25 predominately unregulated basins to warmer winter temperatures and snowpack reductions over the last half century in the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon. Geologic controls of streamflow in the region result in two general stream types: surface‐dominated and groundwater‐dominated basins. Surface‐dominated basins were further differentiated into rain basins and snowmelt basins on the basis of elevation and timing of winter runoff. Streamflow characteristics and response to climate vary with stream type, as discussed in the study. Warmer winter temperatures and snowpack reductions have caused significantly earlier runoff peaks in both snowmelt and groundwater basins in the region. In the groundwater basins, the streamflow response to changes in snowpack is smoothed and delayed and the effects are extended longer in the summer. Our results indicate that absolute decreases in July‐September base flows are significantly greater, by an order of magnitude, in groundwater basins compared to surface‐dominated basins. The declines are important because groundwater basins sustain Upper Klamath Lake inflows and mainstem river flows during the typically dry summers of the area. Upper Klamath Lake April‐September net inflows have decreased an estimated 16% or 84 thousand acre‐feet (103.6 Mm³) since 1961, with the summer months showing proportionately more decline. These changes will exacerbate water supply problems for agriculture and natural resources in the region.     

环境监测站激励机制探讨

简述了建立公平合理激励机制的重要性,指出了地市级环境监测单位激励机制存在的问题.提出构建合理有效的员工激励机制,优化配置员工,实行任职激励;以岗定薪、全面完善薪酬体系,实行分配激励;完善绩效考核制度,配合薪酬制度改革;正确构建评价机制,实行评估激励;建立科学培训机制,实行培训激励;推进文化建设,实行环境激励.     

地铁车站火灾风险的概率模糊评估研究

火灾风险评估是为了有效预防和减少火灾的发生.在对地铁车站火灾风险定量描述的基础上,从火灾发生概率和火灾危害性2个一级指标出发,建立地铁车站火灾风险概率模糊评估模型,并以某地铁车站为实例论述该模型的应用.评估得出,该地铁车站火灾风险隶属矩阵为(0.11,0.27,0.41,0.21),依据最大隶属度原则,该地铁车站的火灾风险等级为“一般风险”;依据“赋值法”,该地铁车站安全评价得分为82.19,对应安全等级为“一般”.二者结论一致,也与该地铁车站的实际安全状况相符.     

基层环境监测站环境质量评价的现状分析与对策

对基层环境监测站的环境质量评价现状进行了分析,并对存在的问题提出了建议和对策。     

西安郊区泾河秋、冬季大气黑碳变化及粒径特征

利用西安郊区泾河大气成分站ρ(BC)(BC为黑碳)、粒子数浓度资料和观象台自动站、探空站数据,对西安郊区秋、冬季ρ(BC)变化特征、粒径分布特征和变化原因进行了分析.结果表明:①泾河郊区ρ(BC)比城区的低.城区ρ(BC)日变化呈三峰特征,峰值分别出现在凌晨02:00、清晨07:00和傍晚20:00,分别为17.0、12.5和21.5 μg/m3.泾河郊区ρ(BC)日变化呈双峰特征,峰值出现在上午09:00和晚上23:00,数值分别为5.5和6.1μg/m3;谷值出现在清晨06:00和下午16:00,数值分别为4.9和2.6μg/m3.②ρ(BC)与不同粒径颗粒物数浓度关系不同,其中与粒径＜4.0 μm粒子的数浓度成正比,与粒径≥4.0 μm粒子(如沙尘)的数浓度成反比;波长指数分析表明,沙尘可致ρ(BC)实测值偏大.③ρ(BC)与近地面逆温强度有密切相关性,R(相关系数)达到0.412 5(P ＜0.000 1);风速小于1.5 m/s时BC易堆积,大于1.5 m/s时则相反;连续降水对BC清除效果显著.