The Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems

The sustainable use and management of important tropical coastal ecosystems (mangrove forests, seagrass beds and coral reefs) cannot be done without understanding the direct and indirect impacts of man. The ecosystem's resilience and recovery capacity following such impacts must be determined. The efficacy of mitigation measures must also be considered. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in such studies. This paper reviews the state of the art and application of these tools in tropical coastal zones, and illustrates their relevance in sustainable development. It highlights a selected number of remote sensing case-studies on land cover patterns, population structure and dynamics, and stand characteristics from South-East Asia, Africa and South-America, with a particular emphasis on mangroves. It further shows how remote sensing technology and other scientific tools can be integrated in long-term studies, both retrospective and predictive, in order to anticipate degradation and to take mitigating measures at an early stage. The paper also highlights the guidelines for sustainable management that can result from remote sensing and GIS studies, and identifies existent gaps and research priorities.There is a need for more comprehensive approaches that deal with new remote sensing technologies and analysis in a GIS-environment, and that integrate findings collected over longer periods with the aim of prediction. It is also imperative to collect and integrate data from different disciplines. These are essential in the spirit of sustainable development and management, particularly in developing countries, which are often more vulnerable to environmental degradation.     

织物干洗的工业生态研究

正确评价干洗剂对人体的毒副作用，合理地设定干洗过程挥发性有害物质的残留限量，是开发干洗业环境无害技术和绿色服务的先决条件。只有在充分保证环境安全的前提下，通过逐步推行化学清洁产品的总体选择战略，从环境管理和经济发展的结合上来规范企业的环境行为，才能最终实现干洗业的可持续发展。     

丘陵农村能源生态工程（连载）——新的生态能源开发与环境治理规划

在系统分析与初期实施的基础上，通过计算机仿真技术对后期～２０１０年提出进一步综合开发治理规划，并对规划实施的支撑条件进行了研究，这些研究丘陵农村的发展提供了具有参考意义的信息资料。     

A Comparison of Campfire Impacts and Policies in Seven Protected Areas

Using resource-monitoring data from seven protected areas, the effectiveness of three campfire policies—campfire ban, designated campfires, and unregulated campfires—were assessed based on the number of fire sites and the amount of tree damage. Results indicate that unregulated campfire policies permitted substantial numbers of fire sites and tree damage in campsites, although fire bans did not eliminate or even substantially decrease these problems. A designated campfire policy was effective in decreasing number of fire sites, but little difference was found among policies regarding tree damage. Given the importance of campfires to visitor experiences, campfire prohibitions could be viewed as unnecessarily restrictive based on their limited success in preventing resource damage. Conclusions encourage protected-area managers to consider designated campfire policies and prohibitions on axes, hatchets, and saws to better meet resource protection and visitor experience mandates.     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构与功能时间动态特征

为揭示毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能时间动态特征,以毛乌素沙地不同林龄（23、33和44 a）樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,比较分析不同月份（4~9月）樟子松人工林根内真菌群落组成及其对环境因子的响应. 结果表明：①樟子松根内真菌群落分布存在明显的季节性,月份对樟子松根内真菌多样性指数影响显著（P<0.05）,在5月和7月较高;樟子松根内真菌多样性指数随林龄的增大而逐渐减小,林龄对其的影响不显著. ②毛乌素沙地樟子松根内真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）;不同营养型真菌相对丰度随月份变化,优势类群为腐生-共生营养型真菌、未定义腐生菌和外生菌根真菌;5月、7月和9月的指示外生菌根真菌分别为囊蘑属（Melanoleuca）、缘腺革菌属（Amphinema）和口蘑属（Tricholoma）. ③毛乌素沙地樟子松根内真菌群落分布受年均相对湿度、年均降水量、土壤孔隙度、土壤铵态氮、年均日照时数、年均温和土壤含水量的显著影响（P<0.05）,指示菌种主要受土壤有机碳含量、孔隙度、年均降水量和年均空气湿度的影响. 气候和土壤性质等环境因子的变化塑造了毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌群落结构和功能的时间动态特征,而林龄的贡献较小. 研究结果可为樟子松人工林可持续经营管理提供理论依据.     

Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri Kuhl, 1818) hawks for prey close to vegetation using echolocation signals of very broad bandwidth

We present a hitherto unknown prey perception strategy in bats: Myotis nattereri (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) is able to perceive prey by echolocation within a few centimeters of echo-cluttering vegetation, by using frequency-modulated search signals of very large bandwidth (up to 135 kHz). We describe the species’ search behavior and echolocation repertoire from the field and from experiments in a flight tent. In the field, bats varied signal parameters in relation to their distance from vegetation and usually flew close to vegetation. In the flight tent, M. nattereri detected and localized prey by echolocation alone as close as 5 cm from vegetation. Apparently, the bats were able to tolerate some overlap between prey and clutter echoes. Passive prey cues (vision, olfaction, prey-generated sounds) were not used in prey perception. The bats selected prey by size. The animals performed aerial catches and produced approach sequences typical for aerial hawking bats, but were able to do so within a few centimeters of the substrate. M. nattereri thus has access to silent, suspended prey very close to vegetation (e.g., spiders, and caterpillars on threads). Received: 29 September 1999 / Received in revised form: 12 February 2000 / Accepted: 12 February 2000     

三里洞矸石废弃地人工植被群落构建初探

对矸石土样及植被材料进行采样测定,研究分析矸石的供肥能力、微量有毒元素含量、矿区植物中微量有毒元素的含量。研究结果表明:刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)对Cu、As元素吸收能力大于其它植物;荠菜(Capsella bursapastrois)对Zn元素的吸收能力较其他植物强;狗尾草(Setaria viridis)对Cr元素具有较强的吸收能力。依据矸石废弃地立地类型特点,矸石废弃地人工植被景观恢复过程中应选择臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)作为先锋树种,宜优先选用刺槐×沙棘×荠菜(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Capsella)、刺槐×沙棘×狗尾草(Robinia pseudoacacia×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setariaviridis)、臭椿×沙棘×狗尾草(Ailanthusaltissima×Hippophae rhamnoides×Setaria viridis)群落与刺槐林、臭椿林配植模式。运用生态恢复的方法对矸石废弃地进行人工植被景观恢复与重建,恢复其受损伤的生态系统,这对矸石废弃地植被恢复有一定的理论指导意义。     

发展低碳经济建设生态环保城市

生态环保城市的建设,必须走低碳经济之路。要大力发展生态环保产业,调整高碳产业结构,提高城市生态环保的意识。     

常规灭鼠下城市小型兽类生态的初步研究

为了了解常规灭鼠下城市小型兽类的种类组成和数量季节消长,通过分析浙江省杭州、宁波、绍兴、金华、湖州和萧山等6个城市1997－1999年灭鼠情况和3年的监测数据,结果表明,其种类组成啮齿目的的褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、黑线姬鼠和食虫目的臭QuQing;其中袍家鼠占42．9％、小家鼠32．1％、黄胸鼠10．6％、黑线姬鼠6％、臭QuQing8．3％;这些动物的密度季节变化呈现单峰型或双峰型。每年3－4月和9－10月开展两次灭鼠,能有效地控制小型兽类的密度,但应注意灭鼠药的轮换和灭鼠药的发放形式。     

Comparative acute toxicity of two phytosanitary molecules,lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid,on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) juveniles

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the toxicity for fish of two active ingredients (lambda-cyhalothrin-20?g L^?1, a pyrethroid, and acetamiprid-15?g L^?1, a neonicotinoid) which are components of a commercial insecticide (Acer 35 EC) used in cotton crop in many West African countries. The juveniles of Oreochromis niloticus (4.01?±?0.34?g, mean body weight) were exposed for 96?h to increasing concentrations of active ingredients (lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid) or a mixture similar to Acer 35 EC (composed by 20?g of chemical compound lambda-cyhalothrin and 15?g of acetamiprid dissolved in 1?L of acetone). The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in aquaria according to OECD Guidelines. During the experiments, the behavioral responses (loss of balance, color change, hyperactivity, etc.) that usually precede death were observed in exposed fish. Mortalities were recorded in each aquarium and the LC₅₀-96h of each chemical was determined. The LC₅₀-96h obtained were respectively 0.1268, 0.0029, 182.9 and 0.5685?ppm for Acer 35 EC, lambda-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid and mixture. All insecticides used in this study had profound impact on Nile tilapia behavior which may confirm the neurotoxicity of each single active compound as well as of their mixture.