湿式电除尘器的高压恒流源供电及其能效分析

湿式电除尘器电场的放电状态变化大、干扰因素多,尤其是导电玻璃钢阳极管内壁材料的特殊性,必须尽量减少火花放电,防止电极灼伤甚至起火,保证设备安全、稳定运行。为了深入研究湿式电除尘器的电源供电特性及污染物脱除性能,搭建了湿式电除尘器实验系统,并开展不同类型电源的对比实验。实验结果表明：湿式电除尘器喷淋系统开启,工频恒流源运行相对平稳,出口烟尘浓度变化不大,但恒压源则存在一个电源参数振荡区,出口烟尘浓度增加了约147%,因此,湿式电除尘器应优先考虑抗干扰能力强的恒流源;高频恒流源的运行参数更高,污染物脱除性能更强,与工频相比,高频恒流源不同供电电耗时烟尘、SO₃的减排幅度分别为46.30%~78.69%、42.86%~66.67%。通过对实际工程项目的深度测试及节能优化实验,定量分析了湿式电除尘器的比电耗与污染物脱除性能关系。工程实践表明：随机组负荷的降低,湿式电除尘器的污染物脱除性能有所提升,但高压供电比电耗也大幅增加,从满负荷到50%负荷,比电耗从2.41×10⁻⁴ kWh·m⁻³升至4.57×10⁻⁴ kWh·m⁻³,有较大的节能空间;经节能优化,控制湿式电除尘器出口烟尘浓度在4~5 mg·m⁻³,50%负荷的比电耗下降达84.68%。根据该节能优化思路,对其他3个工程项目实施运行优化,控制烟尘排放浓度在4.5 mg·m⁻³以内,比电耗下降幅度分别为32.65%、27.15%、41.64%。以上研究结果可为后续湿式电除尘器的性能提升及节能优化提供参考。     

Binding of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to water extractable humus

Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR was applied to the aqueous extracts of a ¹³C-enriched plant slurry (Lolium perenne), anaerobically incubated with ¹⁵N₃-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Almost all ¹⁵N₃-TNT transformation products became covalently bound to the plant-derived organic material extractable with water. DCPMAS ¹⁵N ¹³C NMR revealed a three-step reaction scheme. After reduction of TNT, the aryl amines are acetylated. Subsequent alkylation of the resulting amides strengthens the incorporation of TNT-transformation products into humic material. Comparable results have been recently obtained under aerobic conditions, which indicates that this pathway is a common process during biological TNT transformation.     

缺氧活性污泥对17β-雌二醇的吸附与降解研究

试验用缺氧活性污泥降解17a-雌二醇,降解过程中,同时测定17a-雌二醇在水相与泥相上的浓度,考察厂缺氧活性污泥对17a-雌二醇的吸附等温线与降解动力学,并研究了温度和电子受体NO3--N浓度对吸附与降解的影响.结果表明,缺氧活性污泥对17a-雌二醇的降解是在泥中进行,水中不直接降解,泥中物质浓度降低后再吸附水中物质,反应是一个动态的吸附降解平衡过程.17a-雌二醇初始浓度为5～15 ìg/L时,2 h内能完全降解.缺氧降解符合一级反应动力学:降解过程中,17a-雌二醇在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附既符合Freundlich模型又符合线性吸附模型.温度对17a-雌二醇的吸附与降解有很大影响,温度升高反应速率常数增加,但分配系数降低.10、20、30℃条件下.其降解速率常数分别为2.411、3.045、3.527 h-1;分配系数kd分别为540.9、460.4、396.9 L/kg.NO3--N浓度(10～30 mg/L)的变化影响17a-雌二醇的缺氧降解,减少或增加NO3--N浓度.降解速率常数降低的最大变幅约20%.     

可变电荷与恒电荷土壤胶体对DNA吸附与解吸特征

采用平衡法研究了红壤胶体、砖红壤胶体、潮土胶体和褐土胶体在不同pH值条件下DNA吸附与解吸特征.结果表明,在NaCl和KCl电解质体系中,4种土壤胶体在吸附过DNA后,溶液pH值均有不同程度的增加,pH增加的幅度为红壤胶体>砖红壤胶体>潮土胶体>褐土胶体;NaCl电解质体系>KCl电解质体系.土壤胶体对DNA的吸附量均随着pH值的升高而降低,在pH为2~4,不同胶体对DNA的吸附量保持最大值,约为13.1~14.8μg.mg-1.当平衡溶液pH值从4.2开始上升至8.6,在NaCl体系中,砖红壤胶体和红壤胶体上DNA的吸附量下降幅度约5.5μg.mg-1,而在KCl体系中,DNA的吸附量下降幅度约2.1μg.mg-1.2种电解质体系,潮土胶体与褐土胶体上DNA的吸附量下降幅度约为8.3~12.2μg.mg-1.DNA吸附量下降幅度为恒电荷土壤(潮土和褐土)胶体>可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)胶体.用NaOAc和NaH2PO4对土壤胶体吸附DNA的解吸时,可变电荷土壤胶体与恒电荷土壤胶体解吸规律有明显差异.在3种溶液pH值为3、5和7时,可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)胶体上NaOAc解吸率约10%~24.5%,Na...     

微生物在土壤中迁移物化参数的确定

以甲基叔丁基醚高效降解菌Chryseobacterium sp.A-3为研究对象,对污染场地生物修复中微生物在土壤中迁移的重要相关物化参数做了详细的描述和实验研究,包括土壤物性参数以及微生物在土壤中的吸附等温参数、吸附动力学、有效扩散系数和生长项系数.结果表明,微生物在土壤中的吸附等温线可与Freundlich方程很好地拟合,相关性达到99.5%,指数常数为1.1,该指数常数在统计上与1差别不大,因此可以用线性方程来描述平衡吸附过程.实验测得该菌在砂质壤土中的平衡吸附系数为0.98 mL/g.滞膜理论能够预测土壤中微生物的动力学吸附行为,同时也说明吸附过程是可逆的,得到土壤中微生物吸附的动力学参数,即可逆吸附常数为0.004 s-1,可逆解吸常数为0.002 s-1.膜池理论与分形理论分析得到微生物在土壤中的扩散系数为3.66×10-6 cm2/s,有效扩散系数为5.18×10-7cm2/s.通过对微生物降解甲基叔丁基醚过程进行拟合得到微生物的最大比增长速率为0.01 h-1,基质半饱和常数为134 mg/L以及细胞得率为0.33.本研究所提出的微生物在土壤中物化参数的确定方法可普遍应用于实验室和现场的微生物...     

UV/TiO2去除水中磺胺甲 唑的动力学及影响因素分析

采用UV/TiO2工艺去除磺胺甲 唑(SMX),研究了SMX在纳米TiO2(Degussa P-25)悬浆体系中的光催化去除效果,考察了TiO2投加量、SMX初始质量浓度、pH值、CO32-和叔丁醇等因素对SMX去除效果的影响.结果表明,UV/TiO2工艺可以有效地去除水中的SMX,其反应过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型.当TiO2投加量为500mg/L,SMX初始质量浓度为5mg/L,反应液pH值为7时,SMX的去除率达到98.76%,反应速率常数k为0.1438min-1,半衰期t1/2为4.82min.相同条件下,反应速率在TiO2投加量为500mg/L 时最大,pH7时最大,并随SMX初始质量浓度增加而降低.少量CO32-投加不利于SMX的去除,但大量CO32-投加明显促进反应速率.叔丁醇对SMX光催化去除存在显著的抑制效果.同时引入和计算了每一对数减小级电能输入(EEo)指标以评价该工艺的电能利用效率.     

The Influence of Varying Algal Biomass On Contaminant Exposure in Benthic-Planktonic Mesocosms: Copper (Ii)

Abstract

A series of mesocosms was exposed to a suite of light treatments and nutrient enrichment in order to generate algal communities of varying biomass. the influence of this biomass on the speciation of copper (II) was studied. Distribution coefficients ( _Kd,Lkg?1) were relatively high (log _Kd = 5 to 7), indicative of robust trace metal sequestration, and were likely controlled by the particulate organic carbon content (foc). Differences in _Kd over time and among treatments were significant, as was the relationship between _Kd and foc. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine binding capacities ( _Lt , M) and their associated binding constants ( _Kcond ,M^?1) in order to model the solid phase copper speciation. the _Kcond ranged between 2.1 and 5.2 × 10¹²M^?1, indicating a very strong copper-ligand complex, and was higher in mesocosms that received more light. the light _Lt increased over time, dramatically after the nutrient enrichment, but did not vary systematically among light treatments. _Lt ranged from 7.2 × 10? 7 to 4.9 × 10? 5 M. the large magnitudes of _Kd , _Kcond and _Lt ensured that greater than 97% of total copper in the mesocosms was complexed by organic matter. the total copper concentration ([Cu]_T, M) needed to reach a target dissolved copper concentration of 10^?12.5 M (pCu = 12.5) was determined for each mesocosm over time. [Cu]_T was between 8.02 × 10^?5 and 3.41 × 10^?2 M, and increased over time. the [Cu]_T normalized to the target pCu (Effective Dose Ratio, EDR) increased directly with increases in algal biomass, indicating a direct link between system productivity and copper exposure. Approximately 45% of the variance in EDR was explained by variance in total biomass, while the residual variance in EDR was due likely to differences in the strengths of particle associations and magnitude of binding capacities.     

Distribution,removal and chemical forms of heavy metals in polluted rice seed

In this paper, the distribution, removal and binding forms of heavy metals in polluted seeds of rice were studied using the methods of histochemistry and biochemistry. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in rice grains was very uneven. The heavy metals in rice grains chiefly exist in association with the parts of high protein. Separation of proteins by Sephadex chromatography and subsequent analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cd, Pb and As were mainly bound to protein of 54.5 and 5.50 kD molecular weights. During the rice processing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the edible rice decrease greatly, for some heavy metals in these parts of chaff, coarse rice bran and fine rice bran were removed.     

多环芳烃活性参数与色谱保留指数相关性分析

为了简化多环芳烃(PAHs)的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数的测定和预测工作,通过对PAHs的活性参数与气相色谱保留指数(I)、苯环个数(N)的相关关系分析,分别建立了I与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF,N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的2类一元线性回归预测方程,以及I、N与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF间的二元线性回归预测方程。结果表明,PAHs类化合物的I值或N值分别与lgKoc、lgKow和lgBCF存在明显的线性相关性,均能对上述3种活性参数进行准确预测,其中,用I值建立的一元回归方程的预测精度更好;而利用I值和N值共同建立的二元预测方程经t检验发现,方程中变量N的偏回归系数的统计检验没有显著意义。本研究利用I值建立的一元线性预测模型能较好地预测PAHs类化合物的Koc、Kow和BCF等活性参数,从而为PAHs的活性参数预测提供了一种简便易行的方法。     

旋转式滗水器的工作原理与变频调速控制

SBR法是目前应用较为广泛的一种污水处理技术,其关键的机械设备之一就是旋转式滗水器。通过分析旋转式滗水器的基本结构及工作原理,推导出堰口与驱动装置间的数学关系式,并运用列举法采样滗水过程中的运行数据。根据实际运行的经验对采样的数据进行整合,介绍利用变频调速控制技术实现匀速滗水的方法。