Ecological state equation

The direct equivalence between ecology and thermodynamics has not been attained despite accepted thermodynamic features of the ecosystem. This article explores the homeomorphism between ecology and statistical mechanics by analysis of ruderal vegetation. In conventional thermostatistical algorithm, the pro-kinetic effect of temperature on molecules was replaced by the anti-kinetic effect of species diversity on biological individuals. The existence of an ecological equivalent of the thermodynamic Boltzmann constant was empirically verified. From the relationship of this constant with biocenological variables, we derived a probable ecological equation of state under stationary and quasi-stationary conditions. This equation of state is homeomorphic with regard to the ideal gas state equation, and it is useful to infer the value of some biocenological parameters whose direct measurement is difficult, as biomass, energy and dispersal. According to these results, ecosystem assessment from conventional thermostatistics is plausible and empirically verifiable. This approach offers useful analytical tools for the conservation and restoration of ecosystems.     

Experimental Verification of the Computerized Method for Work Space Optimization in Conditions of Static Work

The aim of this study was to verify a theoretical model for upper extremity work space optimization. In order to do that, experimental studies were conducted in which two parameters of the electromyography (EMG) signal were analyzed: AMP (amplitude calculated as Root Mean Square) and SZC (coefficient of the slope of the regression line between time and Zero Crossing values). Values of forces in muscles (parameter MOD) were calculated from theoretical studies. A comparison of experimental (AMP, SZC) and theoretical (MOD) parameters was performed by analyzing the coefficient of correlation between those parameters and differentiation of muscular load according to external load value. Analysis showed that the theoretical and experimental results are in step, which means that the developed model can be used for upper extremity work space optimization.     

蜈蚣草根部对As（Ⅲ）的吸收特性

采用水培实验对蜈蚣草吸收As（Ⅲ）的吸收特性进行了研究,结果表明在各个处理浓度范围内,培养液中As（Ⅲ）的吸收效率随着时间递增.当处理浓度为10 mg·L-1时,24 h后蜈蚣草对As（Ⅲ）的吸收高达97.57%,而在处理浓度为500 mg·L^-1和1000 mg·L^-1时,蜈蚣草对As（Ⅲ）的吸收比例明显降低,吸...     

二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺与Cu2+的螯合稳定性

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、氢氧化钠、二硫化碳为原料制备了重金属螯合絮凝剂二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（DTMPAM）,采用紫外分光光度法测定了DTMPAM与Cu²⁺形成的螯合物在不同Cu²⁺浓度、二硫代羧基（—CSS^-）浓度、不同pH值下的紫外吸收光谱,确定了螯合物的配位比,考察了螯合物DTMPAM-Cu在不同pH值、不同—CSS^-浓度下的稳定性,并计算了其稳定常数.结果表明,DTMPAM在207和226nm处出现最大吸收峰,而螯合物DTMPAM-Cu分别在220和260nm处出现最大吸收峰,最大吸收峰发生红移.在不同的—CSS^-（3.0×10^-5~6.0×10^-5mol/L）浓度和pH值（3.0~9.0）下,DTMPAM中的—CSS^-与Cu²⁺的螯合比均为2：1;当—CSS^-浓度为3.0×10^-5~6.0×10^-5mol/L时,DTMPAM-Cu的螯合稳定常数对数值lgβ₂在10.5725~11.4473之间,随着—CSS^-浓度增大,螯合稳定常数略有减小.不同pH值下,DTMPAM-Cu的螯合稳定常数各不相同,当体系pH值为3.0~5.0时,随着pH值的升高,DTMPAM-Cu的稳定常数逐渐升高,当pH值为6.0~9.0时,DTMPAM-Cu的稳定常数整体上略有所降低.     

饵料加标研究二甲苯麝香在鱼体内的蓄积和清除能力

二甲苯麝香(musk xylene,MX)是一种人造麝香,具有强烈的麝香气,可用作化妆品香精和皂用香精等的定香剂。由于其持续不断地输入环境,它们在水、土壤、大气中的浓度逐渐升高,并且在动物和人体组织中产生了蓄积,其蓄积效应相当于有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)等持久性有机污染物,因而研究MX在鱼体内的蓄积特征是十分必要的。本文用含浓度为50 mg·kg-1和100 mg·kg-1的MX的饵料投喂斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)14 d,继而进入为期28 d的清除实验。通过快速溶剂萃取(accelerated solvent extraction,ASE)、凝胶渗透色谱(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)、气相色谱-质谱联用法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)测定斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫体内MX的浓度,继而评估鱼对MX的清除能力。结果表明,饵料中MX浓度越高,鱼体内MX的蓄积水平越高,100 mg·kg-1浓度组的蓄积水平为50 mg·kg-1浓度组的蓄积水平的2~3倍。在整个试验阶段的不同时间点分析鱼的体重和脂肪与鱼体内MX浓度的关系,数据显示,MX在鱼体内的蓄积水平与鱼的体重存在正线性关系,而与鱼体内脂肪含量的关系还有待进一步研究。经28 d的清除,鱼体内的MX残留量接近于零,说明斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫对MX的清除能力较强。     

定水头条件下淄河滩陈化残油淋溶释放试验

淄河滩陈化油污土层是引起大武水源地东部地区地下水污染的主要污染源之一.通过对油污土层采取原状土柱样,在室内进行了模拟淄河滩地存在不同厚度表流时的残油淋溶释放试验.结果表明,在设定的试验条件下,油污土层可淋出水量24.56610⁴m³、油量1185.1kg; 水层厚度对渗出水的油浓度影响不大,渗出油的多少主要决定于渗出水的数量;太河水库放水补源方式对残油释放量的影响不起决定性     

估算多氯联苯在鱼体内生物富集因子的分子连接性指数模型

根据 40个 PCB在鱼体内生物富集因子 ( BCF)的实测数据建立了分子连接性指数估算模型 .模型可决系数 0 .91 1 ,平均误差 0 .1 95个对数单位 .通过比较发现 ,对于单一类别化合物分子连接性指数模型比片段常数模型更精确 ,对分子整体结构特征的描述效率更高 ,但片段常数模型具有物理意义明确、变量选择及模型调整灵活的优点 .     

用片段常数法估算非极性有机化合物的生物富集因子

根据121种logKow（辛醇－水分配系数）值在1.45～8.19之间的非极性有机化合物在鱼体内生物富集因子（BCF）的实测数据,建立了非极性有机化合物在鱼体中生物富集因子（BCF的片段常数法估算模型．采用分类模型系数比较法对在分类模型中表现不同的同一个片段或结构因子重新确定划分原则,在此基础上模型得到进一步改进．最终模型的可换系数为0.993,平均误差为0239个对数单位．     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

腐殖酸与稀土元素的作用及体系稳定性

 用稀土元素（La³⁺，Ce³⁺，Ho³⁺，Yb³⁺）标准溶液对湖泊沉积物腐殖酸进行非连续滴定，研究二者之间的络合反应能力及其结合产物在水溶液体系的稳定性。结果表明，腐殖酸结构中的活性点位在与三价稀土离子作用时表现出两种不同类型，在机制上采取两级络合反应。体系中沉淀生成与否主要取决于腐殖酸对稀土离子的容纳能力。