剩余污泥臭氧化过程中磷的释放及形态转化

以剩余污泥臭氧化过程中含磷物质的形态分布及变化规律为研究核心,分析了不同臭氧投加量下污泥样品中液相和固相中磷的形态,并探讨了不同磷形态与臭氧相关的释放性能.结果表明,臭氧投加量为0.15 g·g~(-1)时,液相总磷(TP_L)含量为38.26 mg·L~(-1),比氧化前污泥混合液中TP_L含量增加了29倍,因此,可将0.15 g·g~(-1)作为实际释磷工艺最佳臭氧投加量.臭氧氧化过程中污泥固相中各形态磷含量及其所占固相总磷(TP_S)比例的变化趋势基本相同.臭氧可提高污泥中磷潜在的生物可利用性,臭氧投加量为0.15 g·g~(-1)时,生物有效磷含量达20.74 mg·g~(-1),在TP_S中所占比例由原始污泥中的73.60%提高至86.27%.TP_L含量的增加主要来自污泥臭氧氧化过程中污泥解絮和溶胞,每溶解1 g MLSS向液相中释放TP_L的量为0.0324 g.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤氟化学形态特征及其影响因素

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个较大型茶园共60份土壤样品氟的5种化学形态分布进行研究.结果发现,土壤中氟的5种化学形态分布的规律为残余态〉〉铁锰结合态〉有机态〉水溶态〉可交换态.水溶态氟含量与可交换态氟含量、残余态氟含量及总氟含量呈显著正相关性,而铁锰结合态含量与有机束缚态之间呈显著正相关性,残余态与总氟之间...     

Habitus Diversity of Ladybirds (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae) in the Steppe Zone of the Southern Urals and the South of Western Siberia

In the ladybird fauna of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals and the south of Western Siberia, five variants, three forms, and two habitus types of adult beetles are distinguished, and their hierarchy is established. The habitus diversity of ladybirds is revealed using a new method of describing each form in a polar system of coordinates whose center coincides with the center of gravity of the insect body. The system of ladybird habitus reflects the main directions of trophic specialization in the family.     

Binding of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to water extractable humus

Solid-state ¹⁵N NMR was applied to the aqueous extracts of a ¹³C-enriched plant slurry (Lolium perenne), anaerobically incubated with ¹⁵N₃-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Almost all ¹⁵N₃-TNT transformation products became covalently bound to the plant-derived organic material extractable with water. DCPMAS ¹⁵N ¹³C NMR revealed a three-step reaction scheme. After reduction of TNT, the aryl amines are acetylated. Subsequent alkylation of the resulting amides strengthens the incorporation of TNT-transformation products into humic material. Comparable results have been recently obtained under aerobic conditions, which indicates that this pathway is a common process during biological TNT transformation.     

再悬浮条件下底泥中磷赋存形态的转化研究

以富营养化河流的底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了底泥再悬浮条件下,磷的赋存形态的变化特征,并对不同形态磷之间可能的转化途径进行了探讨.结果表明,底泥再悬浮条件下,磷的释放及吸附均与底泥再悬浮的频率密切相关.再悬浮导致底泥中不同形态磷的数量分布发生了明显变化. BD-P和NaOH-nrP的含量显著减少,而Ca-P的含量明显增加,其余各形态磷的变化幅度很小.这表明, BD-P和NaOH-nrP可能转化成Ca-P.而潜在活性磷与生物有效磷的形成量也表明,底泥再悬浮促进了易释放态磷与生物有效磷向难释放态磷与难被生物利用态磷的转化,并且这种促进作用随着底泥再悬浮的频率的增加而增加.     

沉积物悬浮频率对水体颗粒态磷生物有效性的影响

通过室内试验模拟沉积物在不同频率下的悬浮过程,研究了悬浮频率对颗粒态磷生物有效性的影响.结果表明,沉积物悬浮导致颗粒态磷的生物有效性显著降低,30d时,藻类可利用态磷（AAP）占悬浮物总磷（Tot-P）的百分比仅为初始状态（56.75%）时的26.24%（悬浮频率较小）和20.04%（悬浮频率较大）.内源磷形态分析表明...     

巢湖地区不同风化程度岩石岩源磷赋存形态研究

对巢湖地区6组不同风化程度的岩石进行磷素形态连续提取,这6组岩石包括殷坑组、龙潭组、灯影组青灰段、灯影组紫褐段、孤峰组及双山组的微风化、弱风化和强风化岩石,研究岩源磷磷素在风化作用下的转化规律.结果表明,随风化过程进行,6组岩石中总磷含量均降低,其中多数组别岩石中易溶性和弱吸附性磷(Ex-P)、铝结合磷(Al-P)、闭蓄态磷(De-P)、自生和生物磷灰石碳酸钙结合磷(Ca-P)和碎屑磷灰石及其他无机磷(Oc-P)呈下降趋势,而铁结合磷(Fe-P)及有机磷(Or-P)则呈上升趋势;大部分岩石磷素的主要赋存形态是碎屑磷灰石及其他无机磷;对比6组岩石磷素赋存形态分布、含量及相应的pH值可知,岩石的酸碱度对磷素的赋存形态影响较大.巢湖地区富磷岩层在风化过程中的磷素释放潜力大,因而岩石的风化作用是巢湖流域水体富营养化的重要因素之一.     

洱海沉积物中不同形态磷的时空分布特征

为揭示洱海沉积物磷形态变化的影响因素及其内源磷负荷状况,研究了洱海沉积物中不同形态磷的空间分布和季节性变化特征. 结果表明,洱海表层沉积物中w(TP)为418.71～1108.34mg/kg,空间分布总体呈中部湖区＞南部湖区＞北部湖区;w(IP)为302.35～871.00mg/kg,分布趋势与w(TP)相同;w(Fe/Al-P)为36.22～406.40mg/kg,与w(IP)分布趋势相同;w(Ca-P)为172.34～420.38mg/kg,北部最高;Fe/Al-P和Ca-P是IP的主要形态. 夏季(7月)w(TP)、w(IP)和w(Fe/Al-P)升高,w(labile-P)(labile-P为弱吸附态磷)和w(Fe/Al-P)季节性差异显著. 沉积物柱状样w(TP)、w(OP)、w(labile-P)和w(RSP)(RSP为可还原态磷)随着沉积物深度的增加呈下降趋势,表层富集明显;w(IP)、w(Fe/Al-P)和w(Ca-P)随深度的增加呈上升趋势. 洱海沉积物磷时空分布主要受外源磷输入影响,随水深增加沉积物中w(TP)呈升高趋势,不同形态磷分布受水生生物活动影响较大. 与长江中下游湖泊相比,洱海沉积物中w(TP)高,其中w(IP)及其所占w(TP)的比例较小,磷内源可释放量较低,Fe/Al-P和RSP等生物可利用磷的质量分数及其占w(TP)的比例较大,释放风险较高.      

The Influence of Varying Algal Biomass On Contaminant Exposure in Benthic-Planktonic Mesocosms: Copper (Ii)

Abstract

A series of mesocosms was exposed to a suite of light treatments and nutrient enrichment in order to generate algal communities of varying biomass. the influence of this biomass on the speciation of copper (II) was studied. Distribution coefficients ( _Kd,Lkg?1) were relatively high (log _Kd = 5 to 7), indicative of robust trace metal sequestration, and were likely controlled by the particulate organic carbon content (foc). Differences in _Kd over time and among treatments were significant, as was the relationship between _Kd and foc. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine binding capacities ( _Lt , M) and their associated binding constants ( _Kcond ,M^?1) in order to model the solid phase copper speciation. the _Kcond ranged between 2.1 and 5.2 × 10¹²M^?1, indicating a very strong copper-ligand complex, and was higher in mesocosms that received more light. the light _Lt increased over time, dramatically after the nutrient enrichment, but did not vary systematically among light treatments. _Lt ranged from 7.2 × 10? 7 to 4.9 × 10? 5 M. the large magnitudes of _Kd , _Kcond and _Lt ensured that greater than 97% of total copper in the mesocosms was complexed by organic matter. the total copper concentration ([Cu]_T, M) needed to reach a target dissolved copper concentration of 10^?12.5 M (pCu = 12.5) was determined for each mesocosm over time. [Cu]_T was between 8.02 × 10^?5 and 3.41 × 10^?2 M, and increased over time. the [Cu]_T normalized to the target pCu (Effective Dose Ratio, EDR) increased directly with increases in algal biomass, indicating a direct link between system productivity and copper exposure. Approximately 45% of the variance in EDR was explained by variance in total biomass, while the residual variance in EDR was due likely to differences in the strengths of particle associations and magnitude of binding capacities.     

Distribution,removal and chemical forms of heavy metals in polluted rice seed

In this paper, the distribution, removal and binding forms of heavy metals in polluted seeds of rice were studied using the methods of histochemistry and biochemistry. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in rice grains was very uneven. The heavy metals in rice grains chiefly exist in association with the parts of high protein. Separation of proteins by Sephadex chromatography and subsequent analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cd, Pb and As were mainly bound to protein of 54.5 and 5.50 kD molecular weights. During the rice processing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the edible rice decrease greatly, for some heavy metals in these parts of chaff, coarse rice bran and fine rice bran were removed.