高温热水解对高含固污泥中磷的形态转化影响

通过正交实验、单因素温度影响实验,利用SMT磷分级提取法研究了高温热水解后高含固污泥中磷的形态转化.结果表明,120℃~160℃的高温热水解可以将高含固污泥中14.80%以上的有机磷转化为无机磷,影响因素对无机磷/总磷的影响大小顺序为：热水解温度 > 热水解时间 > 氧化剂含量 > pH值,随着温度的升高,高含固污泥中无机磷/总磷也从79.13%增加至95.87%;当热水解温度为160℃、时间为40min时,高含固污泥中无机磷含量由原泥的18.30mg/g增至20.49mg/g,无机磷/总磷由80.83%增至96.97%.结果为实现污泥中磷的回收利用奠定基础,同时为“高温热水解+高含固厌氧消化”工艺的优化提供新思路.     

再悬浮条件下底泥中磷赋存形态的转化研究

以富营养化河流的底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了底泥再悬浮条件下,磷的赋存形态的变化特征,并对不同形态磷之间可能的转化途径进行了探讨.结果表明,底泥再悬浮条件下,磷的释放及吸附均与底泥再悬浮的频率密切相关.再悬浮导致底泥中不同形态磷的数量分布发生了明显变化. BD-P和NaOH-nrP的含量显著减少,而Ca-P的含量明显增加,其余各形态磷的变化幅度很小.这表明, BD-P和NaOH-nrP可能转化成Ca-P.而潜在活性磷与生物有效磷的形成量也表明,底泥再悬浮促进了易释放态磷与生物有效磷向难释放态磷与难被生物利用态磷的转化,并且这种促进作用随着底泥再悬浮的频率的增加而增加.     

京杭运河常州段氮形态的时空分布特征研究

对京杭运河常州段8个研究点位水体中的氮形态（TN、NH4＋-N、NO2--N和NO3--N）和环境因子（pH、T和DO）进行了连续9个月的动态监测,全面研究了各氮形态的随时间和空间的动态变化规律,并对各氮形态及环境因子进行了相关性分析。常州段水体月平均NH4＋-N变化范围为（0.589±0.351）～（3.148±1.178）mg.L-1,TN变化范围为（3.373±1.379）～（7.373±2.307）mg.L-1,枯水期到丰水期各氮形态整体表现出波动性下降趋势,其中出境断面NH4＋-N下降趋势平稳,NO3--N则是主导出境断面TN含量的主要形态。各点位NH4＋-N的平均浓度范围为（1.202±0.492）～（2.813±1.566）mg.L-1,TN范围为（3.520±0.504）～（8.349±3.679）mg.L-1,各形态氮含量基本呈现出上游段（S）〈新运河（G）〈老运河（L）〈下游（X）的空间分布特征,其中下游段存在一个重要的氮素上升突变段,NO3--N是对TN的贡献率（43.8%～57.4%）最大的无机态氮,其次是NH4＋-N、ON、NO2--N,其中有机氮对TN的贡献率（13.3%）则以老河段最高。NH4＋-N和NO3--N、TN、pH相关系数分别为0.397＊＊、0.932＊＊、0.261＊,与DO相关系数为-0.344＊＊,陆源输入及DO不足是京杭运河常州段氮污染严重的重要原因。     

沉水植物黑藻对不同磷化合物的转化与吸收

研究了以磷酸二氢钾、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钠、三磷酸腺苷钠(ATP-Na)为磷源的Hoagkand培养液培养黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)时,上覆水中磷浓度、碱性磷酸酶活力、氧化还原电位(Eh)和黑藻体内磷含量的变化.结果表明,黑藻对各试验组上覆水中总磷影响差异不大,但对活性磷影响差异较大.各磷化合物转化为活性磷的速率顺序为磷酸二氢钾>ATP-Na>甘油磷酸钠>焦磷酸钠>六偏磷酸钠.上覆水及间隙水中聚合有机磷酸盐和聚合无机磷酸盐浓度是碱性磷酸酶活力的重要影响因子.不同磷化合物对上覆水Eh值有重要影响.黑藻对各种磷化合物均能吸收,吸收速率大小为ATP-Na>磷酸二氢钾>焦磷酸钠>甘油磷酸钠>六偏磷酸钠.     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的变化

利用实际城市生活垃圾,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的动态变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,有机碳、富里酸、全氮、酸水解性有机氮含量均有不同程度的降低,与堆肥前相比,降低幅度分别为53.00%、64.73%、21.78%、22.80%.而腐殖质、胡敏酸、氨基酸态氮则分别在堆肥的第35d达到最低点,而后呈逐渐增加的趋势.酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮在堆肥的第21d达到最高峰.堆肥过程中,腐殖质与胡敏酸、酸水解有机态氮与全氮含量显著相关.胡敏酸的红外光谱分析结果表明,堆肥后胡敏酸分子的芳构化程度明显增强.     

混凝剂的水溶液形态与流动电流的相关特性分析

混凝剂具有多种溶液形态，每种形态对混凝过程的作用不同，因而对流动电流的影响也不同，本通过实验及理论分析，阐述了一般水处理条件下的流动电流检测器（ＳＣＤ）对混凝剂的检测原理，分析了水中混凝剂形态改变过程中流动电流的变化特征，探讨了ＳＣＤ对不同形态混凝剂的响应灵敏度，结果表明，中性条件下铝盐的混凝过程以及三价铁阳离子对流流具有较为灵敏的正增值效果。     

The Influence of Varying Algal Biomass On Contaminant Exposure in Benthic-Planktonic Mesocosms: Copper (Ii)

Abstract

A series of mesocosms was exposed to a suite of light treatments and nutrient enrichment in order to generate algal communities of varying biomass. the influence of this biomass on the speciation of copper (II) was studied. Distribution coefficients ( _Kd,Lkg?1) were relatively high (log _Kd = 5 to 7), indicative of robust trace metal sequestration, and were likely controlled by the particulate organic carbon content (foc). Differences in _Kd over time and among treatments were significant, as was the relationship between _Kd and foc. Fluorescence quenching was used to determine binding capacities ( _Lt , M) and their associated binding constants ( _Kcond ,M^?1) in order to model the solid phase copper speciation. the _Kcond ranged between 2.1 and 5.2 × 10¹²M^?1, indicating a very strong copper-ligand complex, and was higher in mesocosms that received more light. the light _Lt increased over time, dramatically after the nutrient enrichment, but did not vary systematically among light treatments. _Lt ranged from 7.2 × 10? 7 to 4.9 × 10? 5 M. the large magnitudes of _Kd , _Kcond and _Lt ensured that greater than 97% of total copper in the mesocosms was complexed by organic matter. the total copper concentration ([Cu]_T, M) needed to reach a target dissolved copper concentration of 10^?12.5 M (pCu = 12.5) was determined for each mesocosm over time. [Cu]_T was between 8.02 × 10^?5 and 3.41 × 10^?2 M, and increased over time. the [Cu]_T normalized to the target pCu (Effective Dose Ratio, EDR) increased directly with increases in algal biomass, indicating a direct link between system productivity and copper exposure. Approximately 45% of the variance in EDR was explained by variance in total biomass, while the residual variance in EDR was due likely to differences in the strengths of particle associations and magnitude of binding capacities.     

Distribution,removal and chemical forms of heavy metals in polluted rice seed

In this paper, the distribution, removal and binding forms of heavy metals in polluted seeds of rice were studied using the methods of histochemistry and biochemistry. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in rice grains was very uneven. The heavy metals in rice grains chiefly exist in association with the parts of high protein. Separation of proteins by Sephadex chromatography and subsequent analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that Cd, Pb and As were mainly bound to protein of 54.5 and 5.50 kD molecular weights. During the rice processing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the edible rice decrease greatly, for some heavy metals in these parts of chaff, coarse rice bran and fine rice bran were removed.     

不同形态氮添加对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

探究不同氮素形态对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以期为制定多年生高寒栽培草地氮添加方案提供科学依据.于2022年6月,在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县巴卡台农牧场以建植4龄的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis Qinghai）+青海中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis Qinghai）混播草地为研究对象,以不施肥为对照（CK）,设置3个不同形态氮素处理,分别为U:尿素（酰胺态氮）、A:硫酸铵（铵态氮）和N:硝酸钙（硝态氮）,各处理的氮素施用量均为67.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,对不同处理下土壤养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,外源铵态氮输入显著提高了NH₄ ⁺-N含量、AP含量和EC,酰胺态氮输入显著提高了SOC含量和TN含量,硝态氮输入显著提高了NO₃ ^--N含量、AN含量和TC含量.外源氮输入改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及优势菌门和属的相对丰度,但对细菌和真菌群落的Alpha多样性没有显著影响.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,不同形态氮添加对细菌群落的Beta多样性具有显著影响,而对真菌群落影响不显著.冗余分析（RDA）表明,氮添加主要通过土壤铵态氮来改变微生物群落组成和结构.综合而言,在青藏高原多年生栽培草地土壤修复过程中,应优先考虑铵态氮肥.     

城市土壤中重金属元素的积累及其微生物效应

与农村土壤相比,阿伯丁市城市土壤(路边土、公园土)的微生物特征发生了显著的改变,微生物基底呼吸作用明显增强,但微生物生物量却显著降低,微生物生理生态参数C_mic/C_org、q_co2值明显升高,Biolog数据显示城市土壤对能源碳的消耗量和速度显著升高.对重金属元素研究表明,与农村土相比城市土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni已经有明显积累,化学形态研究表明Pb主要与氧化铁有关,Ni、Zn以残渣态为主,Cd以有效态为主,而Cu除有效态外,其它结合形态基本具有同等重要的意义.主成分分析表明,有效态Pb是控制城市土壤与农村土壤微生物特征差异的主要因素,其次为Zn,Cu和Ni的有效态和有机态亦有一定的作用效应.