武汉东湖底泥释磷特点

为了探讨东湖底泥的释磷状况 ,采用实验室模拟法研究了环境条件变化对东湖底泥沉积物磷释放的影响以及底泥磷的形态分布与底泥释磷量的关系 .结果表明 :升高水温和扰动上覆水均能加速磷释放 .上覆水中性时(pH =7.4) ,底泥释磷量最低 ;在较高或较低 pH值时 ,底泥释磷量倍增 .厌氧条件下底泥释磷量是好氧条件下的30倍 .研究还显示 ,底泥中不同形态的磷与底泥磷释放量有不同程度的相关性 ,其中可溶性磷和铁磷与底泥磷释放量高度相关 (r>0 90 ,P<0.01) .     

Quantitative characterization of Cu binding potential of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in sediment from Taihu Lake using multiple techniques

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） plays an important role in heavy metal speciation and distribution in the aquatic environment especially for eutrophic lakes which have higher DOM concentration. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater and a high eutrophic lake in the downstream of the Yangtze River, China. In the lake, frequent breakout of algae blooms greatly increased the concentration of different organic matters in the lake sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected from various part of Taihu Lake to explore the spatial difference in the binding potential of DOM with Cu. The titration experiment was adopted to quantitatively characterize the interaction between Cu（II） and DOM extracted from Taihu Lake sediments using ion selective electrode （ISE） and fluorescence quenching technology. The ISE results showed that the exogenous DOM had higher binding ability than endogenous DOM, and DOM derived from aquatic macrophytes had a higher binding ability than that derived from algae. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that humic substances played a key role in the complexation between DOM and Cu（II） in the lake. However, because of the frequent breakout of algae blooms, protein-like matters are also main component like hnmic matters in Taihu Lake. Therefore, the metals bound by protein-like substances should be caused concern as protein-like substances in DOM were unstable and they will release bound metal when decomposed.     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区沉积物和消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序（SMT）对三峡入库河流大宁河回水区表层沉积物、消落带土壤不同形态P进行了分级测定,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与样品理化性质如有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性.结果表明,沉积物总磷含量在483.4～848.4 mg/kg之间,平均为569.0 mg/kg,与长江中下游浅水湖泊表层沉积物总磷含量相比,大宁河回水区表层沉积物TP含量处于中下游水平,而消落带土壤中总磷含量在488.9～1 487.7 mg/kg之间,平均含量为813.3 mg/kg,远远高于沉积物样品总磷含量,显示了人类活动对消落带土壤P含量的影响.各种形态P在河流沉积物与岸边消落带土壤中分布特点不同: ① 河流沉积物中IP/TP（平均值55.7%）略高于消落带土壤（平均值49.4%）;② 河流沉积物中IP以Ca-P为主（平均比例为83.5%）, Fe/Al-P占IP比例仅为15%;消落带土壤Ca-P占IP平均比例为73.9%, 而Fe/Al-P占IP比例上升至22%;③ 河流沉积物中活性磷组分（OP+Fe/Al-P）平均含量为261.8 mg/kg,在TP中所占比例平均值为49%,而消落带土壤活性磷组分（OP+Fe/Al-P）平均含量为405.7 mg/kg,在TP中所占比例平均达到54%.消落带土壤中活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,因此消落带土壤P对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视.     

乳山湾东流区沉积物中氮形态的分布特征

对2003年8月在乳山湾东流区采集的沉积物样品中不同形态N的平面和垂直分布特征进行分析,探讨了这些N的形态分布与贝类养殖之间的关系.结果表明:乳山湾贝类高密度养殖区各形态N含量一般大于低密度养殖区,各形态N在柱样中20 cm以下含量稳定.养殖区TN的平均含量高于非养殖区,但小于其它海区;OSF-N是EF-N的优势形态,其次是IEF-N、IMOF-N和CF-N.非转化态氮约占TN的70%左右.     

黄河上中游沉积物理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

对黄河上中游10个沉积物样品进行了理化性质及磷赋存形态分析,在此基础上探讨了沉积物各理化性质与磷赋存形态间的相关关系.结果表明,黄河上中游表层沉积物的总磷含量为97.86～129.33 mg·kg^-1,有机质总量为0.11%～1.96%,沉积物中活性态Fe和Al的含量分别为2.02～7.40 mg·g^-1和0.29～0.90 mg·g^-1;颗粒组成以粉砂级为主,主要矿物组成为石英和长石,粘土矿物以伊利石/蒙混层矿物为主,其次是伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石;磷的形态以无机磷为主,钙结合态P的含量为37.61～64.04 mg·kg^-1,是沉积物中的主要赋存形态.沉积物理化性质中阳离子交换量与沉积物中粘粒和粉砂粒总量表现正相关（R²=0.76）;沉积物的有机质总量与沉积物中的无机磷存在一定的线性关系（R²=0.66）;氧化还原敏感态P和金属(水合)氧化物结合态P含量的总和与活性态Fe和Al的(水合)氧化物的含量总和之间有显著的线性关系（R²=0.80）.     

大辽河水系沉积物剖面磷的形态和分布特征

用柱状采样器在大辽河水系采集4个沉积物柱,利用选择性连续提取法研究了沉积物中磷的形态,探讨了磷与铁、铝、钙和有机质含量之间的关系及磷的生物有效性.结果表明,大辽河水系沉积物总磷(TP)含量在323～2 619 mg·kg~(-1)之间.除浑河剖面25～47 cm深度外,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量最高,约占TP的40%以上.其次为铁结合态磷(Fe-P)和残渣态磷(RES-P),各占TP的15%～25%.第三为闭蓄态磷(RS-P)和铝结合态(Al-P),各占TP的5%～10%. 溶解与弱结合态磷(S/L-P)的含量仅占TP的0.5%以下.浑河剖面25～47 cm深度,P的大量积累导致Fe-P、Al-P含量升高,分别占TP的19.6%～34.1%和6.2%～23.4%;而Ca-P占TP的含量下降,为TP的14.6%～35.6%.河流下游(大辽河)沉积物较上游(浑河和太子河)沉积物含有较高的S/L-P、Al-P和Fe-P,因此有较高的释放风险和生物可用性.相关分析表明,除浑河剖面25～47 cm深度外,沉积物Fe结合P(Fe-P+RS-P)、Ca-P 和RES-P分别与沉积物Fe、Ca和有机质含量正相关,但Al-P与Al的含量不相关;而且,TP含量与Fe、有机质含量正相关,与Al、Ca含量不相关.大部分沉积物中Fe与TP的摩尔比为20.9～33.9,表明有进一步固定磷的能力. 磷的生物有效性分析结果表明,大辽河水系沉积物中潜在生物有效磷含量在67.99～1 450.86 mg·kg~(-1),对水体富营养化构成潜在威胁.     

三峡小江回水区磷素赋存形态季节变化特征及其来源分析

磷被普遍认为是富营养化的限制性因子,但河道型的三峡水库支流回水区在变化的水动力条件下磷的季节变化有其独特性.对2007年3月～2008年3月三峡小江回水区磷素的跟踪观测结果进行了分析.研究期间小江回水区总磷(TP)平均浓度为(61.7±2.7)μg·L~(-1),虽然各采样断面磷浓度差异不大,但其季节变化明显,大体上冬季最高、夏季较高、春季次之、秋季较低.颗粒态磷占TP平均浓度的54.05%,是TP的主要组成部分.结合同期对叶绿素a、悬浮无机颗粒物、悬浮有机颗粒物、河口流量、河口水位等主要环境变量的跟踪观测结果发现,颗粒态磷以吸附于泥沙颗粒表面或同矿质相结合的无机形态为主,并在降雨、径流的作用下进入水体使水中TP含量增加,该现象在低水位运行状态下更加明显.而在高水位运行条件下水动力条件的改变使磷素赋存形态向溶解态形式转变.小江回水区藻类生长对溶解性磷酸盐的生物利用过程十分明显,溶解性磷酸盐浓度同叶绿素a显著负相关.TP亦同叶绿素a呈负相关关系.研究认为,降雨、径流强度的加大及水位的降低虽然带来丰富的营养物,但亦使河道型的回水区水体更新周期缩短;而悬浮颗粒浓度升高导致的水体光学透射性能的下降以及洪水脉冲带来的不稳定的生长环境却阻碍了浮游植物的进一步生长和繁盛,这两方面综合作用的结果可能是小江回水区TP-Chla负相关的原因.     

Investigating differential binding of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in soil and soil components using selective supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure carbon dioxide was performed at increasingly strong conditions to investigate differential binding of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in two impacted soils, in their sieved size fractions, and in small (a few mg) samples of industry-related waste products separated from impacted soil. The binding strengths of PCDD/Fs were shown to be different in the two soils, and in their different soil particle size fractions. As might be expected based on surface area considerations, one soil showed the strongest binding in the smallest (<5 μm) sieved fraction. However, the other soil showed the strongest binding in the larger sized fractions, possibly indicating that process-related particles could be controlling PCDD/F binding. Selective SFE of various types of particles including black carbon and charcoal (separated from soil), and from a suspected process anode residue did show different PCDD/F binding behavior ranging from quite weak binding (charcoal) to very strong binding (anode particles). Shifts to the stronger SFE fractions in the soils after activated carbon treatment agreed well with the decreases previously found in the uptake of PCDD/Fs by earthworms, as well as decreases in their freely-dissolved aqueous concentrations in soil/water slurries. These results show that, as previously demonstrated for PAHs and PCBs, selective SFE can be a useful tool to investigate differences in PCDD/F binding behaviors in impacted soils and sediments and their component parts, as well as a rapid tool for estimating the effectiveness of activated carbon treatments on decreasing the bioavailability of PCDD/Fs in soils and sediments.     

Umbilical and uterine flow velocity waveforms in pregnancies complicated by major fetal anomalies

A continuous wave Doppler unit was used to obtain umbilical and uterine artery flow velocity waveforms in pregnancies complicated by a major fetal abnormality. A total of 139 examinations were performed on 32 women between 26 to 41 weeks' gestation, and the records were reviewed to determine the changes associated with fetal malformation. The systolic/diastolic (A/B) ratio was used as an index of blood flow resistance in the umbilical artery and the systolic minus diastolic divided by systolic (A–B)/A for the branches of the uterine artery. Seventeen out of 32 patients showed high systolic/diastolic ratio in waveforms taken from the umbilical artery. In 30 out of 32 patients the uterine artery waveform was normal (in two patients the results were equivocal). It appears that a fetal mechanism may determine the changes in the umbilical placental circulation resulting in an umbilical artery pattern of high flow resistance in more than half of the patients with congenital anomalies.