沉水植物黑藻对沉积物有机、无机磷形态及潜在可交换性磷的影响

在室内模拟条件下研究了沉水植物黑藻对沉积物有机及无机磷形态及潜在可交换性磷的影响.结果表明:①黑藻可显著降低沉积物的有机质、阳离子代换量及总磷(p<0.05),对沉积物中的磷起到活化的作用.②黑藻对沉积物无机磷形态中的NaOH-P有极显著影响(p<0.01),对有机磷形态中的活性有机磷有一定影响(p<0.1),而对其他形态磷的影响没有达到显著水平.③有植物组沉积物的潜在可交换性磷的量增大了11.5%,而对照组沉积物的却减少了61.0%.两者变化的方向截然相反,而且变化的程度也存在较大差异.这说明黑藻的作用增大了沉积物中潜在可交换性磷的量.     

营养盐输入对太湖水体中磷形态转化及藻类生长的影响

外源营养盐输入会对湖泊水体中磷的形态转化及藻类生长产生影响.为研究其影响规律,于春季选取太湖梅梁湾水体为研究对象,以KNO3和K2HPO4添加系列氮磷负荷,在试验过程中对各形态磷的浓度、藻类生物量(Chl-a)和碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)进行同步分析测定.结果表明,春季太湖梅梁湾水体中浮游植物的生长主要受到磷限制,加氮对其生长没有明显的促进作用.加磷至SRP=0.015 mg·L-1的水体中浮游植物生长情况最好,叶绿素a的含量和生长速率(μ)最大.添加硝酸盐能显著促进APA的增长,提高水生生物对磷的吸收利用能力,加快磷循环的速率;磷酸盐对APA则具有活性诱导-抑制机制,当水体中磷酸盐浓度在一定范围内(PO3-4-P≤0.025 mg·L-1)时,酶活性有显著提高.对水体中磷的循环转化过程和碱性磷酸酶的活性诱导-抑制机制的研究结果有助于揭示藻类生长过程中营养盐的补偿途径,为深入揭示藻类暴发机制提供理论基础.     

不同焚烧温度下开发区污泥焚烧渣分析

在不同焚烧温度条件下采用可控温管式炉焚烧开发区干污泥,对污泥焚烧渣中微观形貌、元素分布、矿物组成以及重金属总量及其形态进行了分析研究。实验结果表明,污泥焚烧渣在焚烧温度为900℃出现明显的结焦现象,在焚烧温度为1 100℃时焚烧渣结焦的微观表面致密。XRD分析发现温度的升高使污泥烧渣中出现NaA lS iO4等性质相当稳定的物质。不同重金属在底渣中的总量分布及其形态特征受焚烧温度的影响程度不同。焚烧温度的提高使污泥中重金属的残渣态比例增高,使污泥焚烧对环境的影响减小。     

Characterization of binding site heterogeneity for copper within dissolved organic matter fractions using two-dimensional correlation fluorescence spectroscopy

The heterogeneity of copper binding characteristics for dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions was investigated based on the fluorescence quenching of the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Hydrophobic acid (HoA) and hydrophilic (Hi) fractions of two different DOM (algal and leaf litter DOM) were used for this study. For both DOM, fluorescence quenching occurred at a wider range of wavelengths for the HoA fractions compared to the Hi fractions. The combined information of the synchronous and asynchronous maps derived from 2D-COS provided a clear picture of the heterogeneous distribution of the copper binding sites within each DOM fraction, which was not readily recognized by a simple comparison of the changes in the synchronous fluorescence spectra upon the addition of copper. For the algal DOM, higher stability constants were exhibited for the HoA versus the Hi fractions. The logarithms of the stability constants ranged from 4.8 to 6.1 and from 4.5 to 5.0 for the HoA and the Hi fractions of the algal DOM, respectively, depending on the associated wavelength and the fitted models. In contrast, no distinctive difference in the binding characteristics was found between the two fractions of the leaf litter DOM. This suggests that influences of the structural and chemical properties of DOM on copper binding may differ for DOM from different sources. The relative difference of the calculated stability constants within the DOM fractions were consistent with the sequential orders interpreted from the asynchronous 2D-COS. It is expected that 2D-COS will be widely applied to other DOM studies requiring detailed information on the heterogeneous nature and subsequent effects under a range of environmental conditions.     

锌在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的分布和化学形态研究

采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法研究了Zn在长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla grifithii Hook)叶片、叶柄和根系中的亚细胞分布和赋存形态。研究表明,细胞壁是Zn在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的主要分布位点,其次是含核糖体的可溶部分和细胞核部分,而在叶绿体和线粒体的分布很少。叶片中,提高Zn处理水平,Zn向细胞壁和可溶部分的分配减少,而在细胞核部分的分配增加;叶柄中,提高Zn处理浓度增加了Zn在可溶部分的分配;根系中,Zn在各组分中的分配不受Zn浓度影响。在Zn赋存形态上,植物体内以氯化钠提取态和水提取态为主导形态;提高Zn处理水平,醋酸提取态的分配明显减少,水和乙醇两种提取态的分配增加;而其他形态Zn在植物体内的分配则很少。显示细胞壁和液泡是Zn在长柔毛委陵菜细胞内的重要结合位点,且可能主要与水溶性和酯溶性的有机配位体结合。     

Tomato microtubule-associated protein end-binding protein 1 (EB1) mediates tolerance to salt stress北大核心CSCD

The dynamics of microtubules is regulated mainly by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and plays an important role in plant development and response to environmental signals. End-binding protein 1 (EB1) is a MAP specially binding to the microtubule plus end. Blast search of tomato genome showed two EB1 genes, which were named as SlEB1a (Solyc03g116370) and SlEB1b (Solyc02g092950) in this study. Transgenic tomato plants over-expressing SlEB1a or RNA interfering both SlEB1a and SlEB1b were constructed, and their sensitivity to microtubule depolymerization drug propyzamide and salt stress were analyzed. In this study, we determined the role of tomato EB1 (SlEB1) in the response to salt stress. Compared to the wild-type control plants, OE plants were more sensitive to 1 μmol/L propyzamide, whereas RNAi plants were more tolerant to 1 μmol/L propyzamide; in contrast, OE plants were more tolerant to 100 mmol/L NaCl, whereas RNAi plants were more sensitive to 100 mmol/L NaCl. Thus, SlEB1 might positively regulate salt stress response by negatively regulating the dynamics of tomato cortical microtubules. This study forms a basis for how cortical microtubule dynamics plays a role in plant response to salt stress. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

于桥水库底泥磷分级及其释放能力

取样测定了于桥水库底泥无机磷各组分含量及其平面和竖向分布,无机磷总量为284～704 mg/kg,平均为485.70mg/kg,其中Ca2-p、Cag-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca10-P所占质量分数平均分别为3.5%、2.9%、0.3%、48.5%、2.9%和41.9%.通过模拟释放实验得出,在pH<8和pH=9.10条件下,由于厌氧使得底泥磷释放的启动溶解氧分别为<1、<2 mg/L.底泥磷在pH=6.50、DO<1 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO>5 mg/L,pH=9.10、DO<1 mg/L的3种条件下的极限释放量为0.24、0.17、0.33 mg/g,分别占底泥无机磷总量的41.7%、29.5%和57.3%(质量分数).释放的磷主要来自Fe-P,但Fe-P也只能部分释放.酸性条件下,有部分Ca2-P、CaB-P、Ca10-P和Al-P释放,对于AI-P,低pH酸溶作用要远大于高pH下OH-置换作用.     

Effect of in vitro administered 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on DNA-binding activities of nuclear transcription factors in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts

Abstract

Most modern pesticides are expensive. Application of excessive dosage rates is likely to cause undesirable biological side‐effects and is economically wasteful. Non‐uniform distribution of the spray cloud, or application at the wrong time, may result in failure to control the pest. It is the responsibility of the field operator to acquire sufficient knowledge and skill to ensure proper use of the control agents, to increase efficiency of their usage and to reduce unwanted side‐effects. To achieve this goal, he must take into consideration the various physical factors that govern field performance of pesticides.

A simple relationship exists between the spray volume and emission rate used, and droplet size produced. The use of extremely low spray volumes (i.e., those less than 2.0 litre per ha) for forest insect control in Canada, as opposed to higher volumes used in agriculture, necessitates the release of fine droplets (ranging from 20 to 70 μm in diameter) to obtain adequate coverage of the target area. These droplets take a long time to sediment downwards, evaporate in‐flight, become smaller in size and/or form powdery residues, thus contributing to off‐target drift and impaired droplet adhesion to target surfaces. Physical factors such as rain washing, degradation by sunlight and erosion by wind also influence the longevity of pesticide deposits on foliage which is crucial during the critical period of pest control.

Factors affecting the mode of entry into insects are related to the type of ingredients used in formulation. If a pesticide acts via crawling contact, formulations which would provide surface deposits would be more beneficial than emulsions or oil‐based mixes which tend to undergo penetration into foliar cuticle. Physical factors that affect field performance of a pesticide tank mix are related to phase separation and ‘breakdown of emulsions’ in the application equipment; ‘agglomeration and caking’ of wettable powder dispersions at the bottom of the tank; impaired flow behaviour of highly viscous formulations; and coarse atomization of high‐viscosity tank mixes leading to poor target cover.     

洋河水库流域土壤与库区沉积物中磷形态特征研究

应用SMT法研究了洋河水库流域土壤、河道及库区沉积物中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)等5种形态,分析了不同区域各形态磷的分布特征.结果表明,洋河水库流域土壤、沉积物中TP、总氮(TN)和有机质(OM)的均值含量总体变化趋势为河道>库区>土壤,其中TP含量变化不大,这说明营养盐不仅通过土壤径流、河道迁移进入库区,而且库区沉积物的释放作用同样明显.库区柱状沉积物有明显的“表层富积”现象,随着沉积物深度的增加,TP、TN和OM含量逐渐减少,在0~16cm下降趋势明显,16cm以下基本保持不变,说明库区沉积物主要以表层污染为主.土壤、沉积物中的磷以IP为主,大约占TP的46%~79%之间,且研究区各磷形态中以Ca-P为主,大约占TP的22%~68%,这与库区地质—地球化学特征有关.土壤中TP的增加主要来自于Ca-P,与该地区土壤的地质背景有关,河道沉积物中TP的增加主要来自于Fe/Al-P,即河道受到人类活动污染的影响较大,而库区TP的增加主要来自于OP,说明洋河水库的富营养化与流域的工业、生活污染以及农业面源污染有关.     

沉积物磷形态空间分布特征及释放风险评估——以沱江流域为例

为阐明沉积物磷赋存形态的空间分布特征及潜在释放风险,提供更准确合适的风险评估指标, 分析了沱江干流及其支流12个样点表层沉积物的磷赋存形态,测定了水溶性磷(WSP)及磷平衡浓度(EPC0),计算沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)及其衍生的磷释放风险指数(ERI).结果表明,沉积物5种形态磷含量顺序为:铁/铝结合磷(CDB-P,60.63%)>钙磷(Ca-P,30.84%)>有机磷(OP,3.92%)>亚铁磷(Fe(Ⅱ)-P,3.48%)>松散态磷(Loosely-P,1.13%).CDB-P是沉积物磷的主要存在形态(0.468~2.287mg/g),由上游至下游逐渐降低,这主要与上游工业污染有关.DPS、EPC0和PSI在空间分布上均呈现由上游至下游逐渐增大的趋势,变化范围分别为44.28%~80.39%、0.012~0.084mg/L和0.153~1.526L/g;上游大部分采样点ERI均超过了25%;各指标综合表明:上游存在较高的磷释放风险.回归分析与相关性表明,EPC0与上覆水磷、CDB-P、OP、有机质(OM)以及粒径均呈极显著相关性,且相关性远高于其他指标(ERI,DPS,PSI,WSP).因此,EPC0是评估沱江流域沉积物磷释放风险潜力更准确高效的指标,Fe/Al含量、粒径的增加以及有机质的减少会增加磷释放风险,因此应控制工业污染以及农业面源污染的输入.