镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷分布特征及释放贡献

将镜泊湖分为北部湖区、中部湖区、东部湖区、西部湖区、南部湖区共设置23个表层沉积物采样点和10个沉积柱芯采样点,采用The Standards,Measurements and Testing Programme （SMT）法测定沉积物中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）、铁/铝结合态磷（NaOH-P）、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）.分析镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的来源、空间分布特征和对磷释放的贡献.结果表明,镜泊湖湖区沉积物各形态磷有3个主要成分,其中成分1主要代表生活污水和工业废水,主成分2主要代表农业污染,主成分3主要代表碎屑岩、自生磷灰石和含磷矿物质等;镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的空间分布具有一定的空间差异性,分布特征受镜泊湖水文特征和人类活动影响较大.湖区沉积物各形态磷含量整体而言随深度的增加不同程度的下降;对沉积物不同形态磷的磷释放贡献进行分析,分析表明,镜泊湖各湖区沉积物短时间尺度内以滞留为主,但在长时间尺度下具有一定的释放风险.     

洱海沉积物中不同形态氮的时空分布特征

为揭示沉积物中氮形态变化的影响因素及其生态效应,对洱海表层沉积物中不同形态氮的空间分布和季节性变化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2354～6174mg/kg之间,空间分布呈湖区北部＞南部＞中部的趋势;w(TTN) (TTN为可交换态氮)在1158～2921mg/kg之间,占w(TN)的43%,其分布趋势与w(TN)相同;各形态TTN表现为SOEF-N(强氧化剂可提取态氮,w为974～2515mg/kg)＞WAEF-N(弱酸可提取态氮,w为91～210mg/kg)＞SAEF-N(强碱可提取态氮,w为38～198mg/kg)＞IEF-N(离子交换态氮,w为66～130mg/kg),w(WAEF-N)和w(IEF-N)的分布趋势与w(TTN)相同,w(SAEF-N)中部较高,w(SOEF-N)南部较高. 沉积物中w(TN)和w(NTN)(NTN为非转化态氮)7月较高,TTN及其各形态氮质量分数1月较高. 不同形态氮质量分数随沉积物深度的增加均呈下降趋势,NTN的富集速率高于TN. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)高于长江中下游湖泊,表层TN富集明显. 沉积物氮释放风险较大,但其w(TTN)和w(IEF-N)占w(TN)的比例低于长江中下游湖泊,即洱海沉积物氮释放量小于长江中下游湖泊;洱海沉积物中各形态氮质量分数与w(TOM)均呈显著正相关,与水深呈负相关,显示有机态氮与有机质同步沉积且受外源输入影响较大,w(IEF-N)分布同时受水生植物等影响.      

巢湖水华暴发期水-沉积物界面溶解性氮形态的变化

2008年4~10月,连续对巢湖8个样点进行采样,分析了上覆水和表层沉积物间隙水中溶解性氮形态在水华暴发过程中的变化,估算了水-沉积物界面无机氮的扩散通量.结果表明,上覆水中NH4+-N含量随水华暴发强度的增加而减小,溶解性总氮(DTN)含量在水华暴发后明显升高,而NO3--N含量只在水华暴发严重时才明显减少.在大规模水华暴发前(4~5月)上覆水中DTN的主要组成部分是NO3--N和NH4+-N,在水华暴发后则是溶解性有机氮(DON).间隙水中PDTN以NH4+-N为主,其浓度随温度的增加而升高; DON在水华暴发过程中呈先下降后上升的趋势.通量计算结果表明,沉积物作为NH4+-N的“源”一直由间隙水向上覆水释放,西半湖扩散通量在13.06~32.94mg/(m2·d)之间,东半湖扩散通量在4.54~17.41mg/(m2·d)之间.沉积物-水界面交换是湖泊营养盐重要的补充途径,为水华持续暴发提供营养来源.     

洱海水华高风险期水体氮磷变化及其指示意义

为揭示水华高风险期水体氮磷变化对洱海的指示意义,结合洱海2009年、2013年和2018年采样检测数据及三维荧光、紫外光谱技术,研究了洱海上覆水氮磷组成和结构变化及影响因素.结果表明:①ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均先降后升,由2009年氮磷以DON(0.231 mg/L,占36.90%)和DOP(0.016 mg/L,占42.05%)为主,转变为2018年以NH₄+-N(0.197 mg/L,占32.89%)和PP(0.033 mg/L,占70.00%)为主,NH₄+-N和溶解性有机氮磷质量浓度变化是引起氮磷变化的主要因子.各形态氮磷质量浓度空间变化差异较大,北部和中部湖区ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)及其增幅均大于南部湖区;ρ(DON)在北部和南部湖区总体呈下降的趋势,中部湖区ρ(DON)先降后升,增幅为3.32%;ρ(DOP)在北部和中部呈递减,南部湖区则先升后降,总体增加了70.21%;ρ(NH₄+-N)在中部和南部湖区显著增加,北部湖区先降后升.②上覆水氮磷质量浓度及形态时空变化受外源负荷、内源释放和藻类生长共同影响,其中入湖河流是影响氮磷质量浓度变化的主因,且农村生活污染和农田面源污染影响也较大;有机氮磷变化主要受外源输入和湖泊微生物代谢影响,而ρ(NH₄+-N)变化则主要受沉积物释放和藻类生长影响.③洱海水华高风险期上覆水腐殖化程度明显降低,有机氮磷分子量减小,而活性增加,一定程度上可促进藻类生长.研究显示,近10年洱海氮磷质量浓度有增加趋势,有机氮磷质量浓度虽有所下降,但其活性较高,藻类水华风险并未降低,除进一步加强外源负荷控制,关注TN和TP的同时,洱海保护治理还应关注有机氮磷输入以及中部和南部湖区沉积物氮磷释放的水质影响.      

有机酸对铅、镉植株危害的解毒作用研究

通过培养试验研究了有机酸对铅、镉的的毒害影响，结果表明柠檬酸对铅，酒石酸对镉有较明显解毒作用，用逐步提取法研究萝卜根叶内重金属存在的化学形态，有机酸处理并不影响各形态铅的优势顺序，但各形态铅的浓度或相互百分率发生了变化，柠檬酸处理的萝卜叶片，活性较低的盐酸提取态铅的百分率增加，活性较高的乙醇、水、氯化钠提取态下降；镉在萝卜根叶中均以氯化钠提取态为主，有机到处理并不改变各形态镉的优势顺序，酒石酸处理     

农药在土壤－水环境中归宿的主要支配因素──吸附和脱附

综述了近年来农药在土壤－水环境中吸附－脱附研究的实验方法、影响因素、数学描述、作用机理等方面的工作。重点讨论了农药与土壤粘土矿物、有机物（腐殖酸、富菲酸等）的物理化学键合机理。     

2种茶树对铜胁迫的响应及其组织铜化学形态变化的比较研究

为了分析不同茶树对Cu胁迫的生理响应及其组织中不同化学形态Cu的累积特性,本研究采用水培法,探讨铁观音、肉桂2种茶树在不同浓度Cu胁迫下,茶树根系活力、叶绿素含量、茶树组织Cu含量及不同化学形态Cu含量的变化,以期为重金属对茶树毒害机理和茶树对重金属的自我防御研究提供理论依据。结果表明,随着Cu胁迫浓度的增加,茶树根系活力及叶片叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,而与对照相比,铁观音下降的幅度远高于肉桂。不同茶树品种在相同浓度Cu胁迫下,其根、茎、叶组织的Cu含量差异不显著,而不同组织中则表现为根叶茎。不同化学形态Cu含量分析结果表明,随着Cu胁迫浓度的升高,2种茶树根部可交换态Cu、碳酸盐结合态Cu、有机结合态Cu含量百分比呈现下降趋势,而铁锰氧化态Cu和残留态Cu呈现上升趋势;茎部可交换态Cu、有机结合态Cu含量百分比呈现下降趋势,碳酸盐结合态Cu、铁锰氧化态Cu和残留态Cu呈现上升趋势;叶部可交换态Cu、碳酸盐结合态Cu、有机结合态Cu含量、铁锰氧化态Cu含量的百分比均呈现上升趋势,而残留态Cu呈现下降趋势。进一步分析发现,Cu胁迫下,铁观音茶树根、叶部主要以采取提高有机结合态Cu的形式来降低Cu离子毒害,而肉桂则以提高铁锰氧化态Cu形式降低Cu离子毒害,叶部则以提高铁锰氧化态Cu和残留态Cu的形式降低Cu离子毒害。可见,不同的茶树在Cu胁迫下所表现解毒模式存在着一定的差异。     

High cadmium pollution risk on vegetable amaranth and a selection for pollution-safe cultivars to lower the risk

A pot experiment was carried out by growing 29 different genotypes (Amaranthus spp.) of vegetable amaranth under low- (0.12 mg·kg^-1) and middle- (0.40 mg·kg^-1) cadmium (Cd) exposure. The result showed that amaranth was vulnerable to cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil. Variations of Cd concentrations in both roots and edible parts among genotypes were significant (P<0.001) in both treatments. Cd concentrations in edible parts of the tested genotypes grown under low- and middle-Cd levels were significantly correlated (p<0.01), implying that Cd-accumulating property of amaranth is genotype-dependent. Differences in Cd chemical forms between cv. Nanxingdayemashixian (cv. Nan), a selected typical pollution-safe cultivar (Cd-PSC), and cv. Pennongjianyexian (cv. Pen), a selected typical non-Cd-PSC, under different Cd exposure conditions were compared. It was found that the alternation of Cd in F_NaCl (Cd form extracted by 1 mol·L^-1 NaCl) may be a key factor in regulating Cd accumulation of different amaranth genotypes and that the protein-binding Cd is considered to be associated with Cd translocation. The results indicated that amaranth is capable of enduring high level of Cd pollution when grown as vegetable crop, and accordingly, consuming vegetable amaranth would bring high health risk. Therefore, adopting Cd-PSC strategy would help reducing the risk of Cd pollution in amaranth. In this study, cv. Nan was identified as a Cd-PSC and recommended to be applied production practice.     

Selective cellular and molecular effects of beryllium on lymphocytes†

An involvement of the immune system has been implicated in many of the whole animal effects of beryllium (Be) and its compounds and thus lymphocytes are a relevant cell model to study some of the cellular and molecular actions of the metal. Recent results indicate micromolar concentrations of Be salts are weakly mitogenic to lymphocytes in vitro probably as a result of direct interactions with the cell membranes. Furthermore evidence has been obtained that high affinity lymphocyte Be‐binding may be predictive of the potential to express delayed Be hypersensitivity in vivo. Although sub mitogenic concentrations of Be salts may actually activate accessory (macrophage type) cells, concentrations normally mitogenic to lymphocytes were found to inhibit their proliferative response to accessory cell dependent mitogens as a result of a Be²⁺ concentration dependent destruction of the adherent cell population. Higher concentrations of Be salts proved cytostatic to lymphocytes possibly by the established property of intracellularly accumulated Be²⁺ to inhibit cell division. Lymphocyte proliferation can be related to increases in protein phosphoryl‐ation capacity which in vitro can be inhibited by Be²⁺ and preliminary evidence indicates that tyrosine phosphorylation may be particularly sensitive.     

Fluorescence studies of dye displacement from DNA by chromium(III) complexes: Evidence for cation induced DNA condensations

The interactions of 10 different chromium(III) complexes with isolated calf thymus DNA have been analysed by studying the electronic and fluoresence spectra of intercalated ethidiumbromide. Triply charged cationic complexes including: [Cr(urea)₆]Cl₃.3H₂O, [Cr(1,10‐phenanthroline)₃](ClO₄)₃.2H₂O, [Cr(2,2'‐bipyridyl)₃] (ClO₄)₃.2H₂O, [Cr(ethylendiamine)₃]Cl₃.3.5H₂O and [Cr(NH₃)₆](NO₃)₃ displaced the dye from DNA. Similar effects were observed in experiments using the non‐intercalating dye bisbenzimidazole ("Hoechst 33258"). However, singly charged cationic, anionic and uncharged chromium(III) complexes such as: cis‐[Cr(1,10‐phenanthroline)₂Cl₂]Cl.2H₂O, cis‐[Cr(2,2'‐bipyridyl)₂Cl₂]Cl.2H₂O, [Cr(glutathione)₂]Na₂, [Cr(cysteine)₂]Na.2H₂O and [Cr(glycine)₃] were unable to displace both ethidiumbromide and bisbenzimidazole from DNA. There was no evidence for the formation of co‐ordinate bonds between chromium(III) and DNA for any of the above complexes. The charge and type of ligand are important in controlling the interaction of chromium(III) with isolated DNA in vitro. Our findings indicate that the outer sphere interaction of a chromium(III) complex with DNA is weak and unlikely to be the mechanism by which chromate causes DNA impairments in vivo and in vitro.