Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.     

Surface modelling of global terrestrial ecosystems under three climate change scenarios

A high accuracy and speed method (HASM) of surface modelling is developed to find a solution for error problem and to improve computation speed. A digital elevation model (DEM) is established on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Regression formulations among temperature, elevation and latitude are simulated in terms of data from 2766 weather observation stations scattered over the world by using the 13.5 km × 13.5 km DEM as auxiliary data. Three climate scenarios of HadCM3 are refined from spatial resolution of 405 km × 270 km to 13.5 km × 13.5 km in terms of the regression formulations. HASM is employed to simulate surfaces of mean annual bio-temperature, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration ratio during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T₁), from 2010 to 2039 (T₂), from 2040 to 2069 (T₃), and from 2070 to 2099 (T₄) on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Three scenarios of terrestrial ecosystems on global level are finally developed on the basis of the simulated climate surfaces. The scenarios show that all polar/nival, subpolar/alpine and cold ecosystem types would continuously shrink and all tropical types, except tropical rain forest in scenario A1Fi, would expand because of the climate warming. Especially at least 80% of moist tundra and 22% of nival area might disappear in period T₄ comparing with the ones in the period T₁. Tropical thorn woodland might increase by more than 97%. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra would be the most sensitive ecosystem type because its area would have the rapidest decreasing rate and its mean center would shift the longest distance towards west. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra might be able to serve as an indicator of climatic change. In general, climate change would lead to a continuous reduction of ecological diversity.     

贵阳市中心城区土壤重金属污染现状及其评价

以贵阳市中心城区五大功能区(工业区、商业区、行政区、文教区、居民区)的土壤为对象,研究土壤中重金属(Hg、As、Cu、Cr和Zn)污染的特征,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗(N.L.Neiow)综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染现状进行了检测与初步评价,Hakanson潜在生态危害指数评价法评价了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害,其结...     

黄河口潮间带表层沉积物重金属和营养元素的分布特征

于2010年5月采集了5个断面的黄河口潮间带高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物样品,对沉积物的理化性质、重金属和营养元素的空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,参考加拿大安大略省环境和能源部关于沉积物质量指南,对黄河口潮间带沉积物质量进行了评价。结果表明,除Cu和Pb外,其它重金属和营养元素质量分数均表现为河口北侧高于南侧;除Hg外,高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物重金属和营养元素质量分数无显著差异,没有表现出成熟潮滩明显的垂岸分带特征。Pb质量分数高于渤海表层沉积物的高值,是该区域的首要污染因子;Hg在河口北侧近河口的两个站位低潮滩质量分数达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准的1.7和1.8倍,存在一定的潜在生态风险;TN和TOC质量分数范围在安全级别,TP质量分数在20%的站位超过最低安全级别,存在一定的安全风险。与国内其它潮滩相比,黄河口潮间带重金属Zn、Cd、Hg和As的质量分数处于较低水平,Cu和Pb质量分数处于中等水平,TOC和TP质量分数与长江口潮间带相当,TN质量分数较低。研究结果将为黄河三角洲地区生态保护、环境管理和污染治理提供基础数据。     

大型商业广场亚安全区设置方式研究

针对大型商业广场类建筑普遍存在的疏散楼梯在首层不能直通室外、疏散距离过长等问题,结合某大型商业广场工程实例,通过性能化分析方法对比了两种不同亚安全区设置方式对烟气蔓延及人员疏散的影响,并给出了针对该工程实例的亚安全区设置建议,指导了该工程项目的消防设计。     

填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为表征

填埋场内渗滤液饱和带是物质交换和生化反应的活跃区域,也是含硫恶臭的主要发生源.本研究探究了填埋场内温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为特征,结果表明,在25～55℃逐步升温的温度场下,渗滤液饱和带内的硫酸盐还原行为逐步增强且差异显著.渗滤液饱和带纵向SO42-和DOC迁移转化规律各异但趋势相同.硫酸盐还原行为主要发生在固液交界区和固相区,且固液交界区的电子供、受体呈特定化学计量关系.电子供体是引起硫酸盐还原行为差异的主要原因.本研究揭示的温度场下渗滤液饱和带内硫酸盐还原行为可为填埋场精准除臭提供重要依据.     

生物炭输入对不同滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态变化的影响

生物炭作为一种新型环保材料常被用于改良土壤和污染修复,生物炭输入对土壤中营养元素的有效态会产生明显影响.本文基于太湖滨岸带不同土地利用类型(林地、草地、耕地和荒地),对比研究生物炭施加对不同类型土壤中营养元素有效态含量的影响,并探讨其动力学变化规律.结果表明,生物炭施加能够明显影响滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态含量,但对碳氮磷的影响效果存在差别.添加生物炭之后,土壤中溶解性有机碳呈显著下降趋势,而有效氮轻微增加,有效磷则明显增加.林地、草地、耕地和荒地土壤中溶解性有机碳含量分别下降了33. 3%、27. 4%、29. 5%和51. 4%;有效氮含量分别提高了10. 8%、18. 2%、16. 4%和15. 2%;有效磷含量分别增加了40. 0%、50. 2%、34. 0%和43. 6%.对比控制组(CK)和添加组(BC)的变化,土壤溶解性有机碳和有效磷含量在两组之间差别不大,而有效氮的含量变化差距较大,且在4种利用类型土壤中,生物炭施加后对不同营养元素有效态的影响程度有所差异.     

湿润亚热带山地表土植硅体指示的垂直植被变化——以福建戴云山为例

表土植硅体组合与其上覆植被类型之间的关系研究是利用植硅体进行古气候和古植被重建的基础.选取位于湿润亚热带地区的戴云山作为研究对象,沿海拔梯度以50?—?100 m为间隔共采集21个表土样品,以探讨该地区表土植硅体组合对山地植被的指示意义.结果表明:戴云山表土植硅体含量丰富,类型多样,主要以禾本科类植硅体占优势;此外,随着海拔的升高,表土植硅体组合中哑铃型和短鞍型百分含量快速增加,而扇型和长鞍型,特别是木本类植硅体的百分含量则逐渐减少,指示了山地植被从温性针叶林向常绿灌丛林的过渡,说明戴云山表土植硅体组合能够反映山地垂直植被带变化的主要特征;植硅体类型主成分分析(PCA)结果显示位于湿润亚热带地区的戴云山表土植硅体组合变化可能主要受温度的控制.本研究为今后在湿润亚热带山地地区开展古气候和古植被重建研究提供了重要的基础资料.     

三峡库区消落带土壤中重金属铬调查与分析

报道了三峡库区长江干流及小江支流消落带土壤重金属铬含量背景值调查结果。结果表明目前土壤未被重金属铬污染。     

Integrating Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Control with Protection of Snail Kite Nests in Florida

The endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) feeds primarily on the freshwater apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) in Florida. The nonindigenous, floating water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) impede kites from finding snails. Effective control of these aquatic plants in the littoral zone of central and south Florida lakes benefits kites by maintaining open foraging habitat. However, incidental herbicide spraying of nesting substrates result in nest collapse when kites breed in nonwoody, emergent plants [cattail (Typha spp.) and giant bulrush (Scirpus validus)] in the outer littoral zone during lower lake levels. Many endangered species recovery plans and their implementation have experienced problems due to inaction and/or noncooperation by various governmental agencies and their personnel. Herein, we describe the development and implementation of a buffer zone strategy to prevent secondary impacts from an aquatic plant control program to snail kites nesting on lakes in central and south Florida. A strategy was jointly developed by personnel of five state and federal agencies to control herbicide application near kite nesting areas during the normal breeding season. Although requiring various modifications during its implementation, this cooperative effort successfully integrated aquatic plant control objectives with snail kite conservation on Lake Okeechobee during 1988. The program was expanded the following year to lakes Kissimmee and Tohopekaliga. Since the implementation of the snail kite impact preclusion program, no nest loss was attributed to incidental herbicide applications on lakes Okeechobee, Kissimmee, and Tohopekaliga.