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31.
Christof Lanzerstorfer 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(4):178-183
Miscanthus giganteus is one of the energy crops considered to show potential for a substantial contribution to sustainable energy production. In the literature there is little data available about the chemical composition of ashes from the combustion of Miscanthus and practically no data about their physical properties. However, for handling, treatment and utilization of the ashes this information is important. In this study ashes from two biomass combustion plants using Miscanthus as fuel were investigated. The density of the ashes was 2230 ± 35 kg/m~3, which was similar to the density of ashes from straw combustion. Also the bulk densities were close to those reported for straw ashes. The flowability of the ashes was a little worse than the flowability of ashes from wood combustion. The measured heavy metal concentrations were below the usual limits for utilization of the ashes as soil conditioner. The concentrations in the bottom ash were similar to those reported for ash from forest residue combustion plants. In comparison with cyclone fly ashes from forest residue combustion the measured heavy metal concentrations in the cyclone fly ash were considerably lower. Cl-, S and Zn were enriched in the cyclone fly ash which is also known for ashes from wood combustion. In comparison with literature data obtained from Miscanthus plant material the concentrations of K, Cl-and S were lower.This can be attributed to the fact that the finest fly ash is not collected by the cyclone de-dusting system of the Miscanthus combustion plants. 相似文献
32.
In this study, a lab-scale biological anaerobic/anaerobic/anoxic/membrane bioreactor(A_-~3MBR) was designed to treat wastewater from the ethanol fermentation of food waste,a promising way for the disposal of food waste and reclamation of resources. The 454 pyrosequencing technique was used to investigate the composition of the microbial community in the treatment system. The system yielded a stable effluent concentration of chemical oxygen demand(202 ± 23 mg/L), total nitrogen(62.1 ± 7.1 mg/L), ammonia(0.3 ±0.13 mg/L) and total phosphorus(8.3 ± 0.9 mg/L), and the reactors played different roles in specific pollutant removal. The exploration of the microbial community in the system revealed that:(1) the microbial diversity of anaerobic reactors A_1 and A_2, in which organic pollutants were massively degraded, was much higher than that in anoxic A_3 and aerobic MBR;(2) although the community composition in each reactor was quite different, bacteria assigned to the classes Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Synergistia were important and common microorganisms for organic pollutant degradation in the anaerobic units, and bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microbial population in A_3 and MBR;(3) the taxon identification indicated that Arcobacter in the anaerobic reactors and Thauera in the anoxic reactor were two representative genera in the biological process. Our results proved that the biological A_-~3MBR process is an alternative technique for treating wastewater from food waste. 相似文献
33.
为研究北京市道路降尘在不同季节的污染特征及来源,选取北京市4条典型道路得到64个采样点的道路尘样品,采集的道路尘样品经过预处理得到75 μm以下的颗粒物,经过再悬浮及实验室分析得到PM2.5的粒径分布和化学成分谱.结果表明:不同采样高度及不同道路类型的颗粒物粒径大体分布规律一致,颗粒物质量频率存在三个峰值,分别为0.75 μm(微粒径)、2.50 μm(小粒径)、4.50 μm(大粒径);各季节的降尘颗粒物的化学组分中质量分数最大的是元素,主要元素(含量>1%)季节变化为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,元素富集因子法得到污染元素为Cr、Cd、Sn、Cu、Zn、Pb、As,双重元素为Bi、Ti、Ni、W、Mg、Ca、TI、Mo、V、Fe、Zr、Ba,其余16种为非富集元素;颗粒物中离子质量分数在夏季最大为9.31%,春季、秋季、冬季的离子质量分数相差不大,其中Ca2+、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-占总离子质量的80%左右;碳素中w(OC)和w(EC)的季节变化均为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,OC/EC[w(OC)/w(EC)]的季节变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.不同季节w(OC)和w(EC)的相关性大小为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.对PM2.5中化学组分来源分析表明,污染元素受机动车和建筑尘影响较大,与机动车尾气相比,机动车磨损造成的污染也不容小视;燃煤影响一直存在,但供暖期污染有所改善.机动车尾气、建筑尘及土壤尘对离子均有贡献,在夏季土壤尘、建筑尘、二次反应的综合影响较大,春季土壤尘影响更为突出.碳在夏秋季节受汽车尾气和建筑尘的影响较大,夏季二次反应影响不大;冬季除气象因素外,燃煤和生物质燃烧也不可忽视;春季土壤尘影响较为突出. 相似文献
34.
为研究同步脱氮除磷系统中出现的WG(白色好氧颗粒污泥)外形特点及微生物群落特征,探究其成因,利用SEM(扫描电子显微镜)表征了系统中的WG与YG(黄色好氧颗粒污泥)的微观形态,并采用Illumina HiSeq 2500高通量测序平台对两种好氧颗粒污泥中细菌与真菌的群落组成进行研究.结果表明:WG结构疏松外形不规则,颗粒表面分布大量杆菌;而YG饱满紧实轮廓清晰,颗粒表面分布大量球菌.WG与YG的细菌群落组成相似,但真菌组成差异较大.与YG相比,WG具有更高的细菌和真菌多样性.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为WG和YG中的细菌优势门,其在WG中的相对丰度分别为68.85%和26.61%,在YG中的相对丰度分别为82.52%和12.30%.Candidatus competibacter、Candidatus accumulibacter和Chiayiivirga为WG中的优势属,相对丰度分别为22.13%、8.95%和7.37%;Candidatus competibacter、Chiayiivirga和Xanthomonas为YG中的优势属,相对丰度分别为47.94%、6.95%和7.06%.子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和Rozellomycota分别为WG与YG中真菌优势门,其在两个样品中的相对丰度分别为50.10%和81.77%.在属水平,WG中存在大量青霉属(Penicillium)和假丝酵母属(Candida)等丝状真菌,为WG的形成提供了框架.研究显示,当YG破碎成为小菌胶团后,附着在真菌框架上,造成了WG的快速形成,同时WG中Candidatus competibacter的相对丰度较低,使其外形疏松、透光性较好,呈现出白色. 相似文献
35.
This work investigates the effects of lubricant sulfur contents on the morphology, nanostructure, size distribution and elemental composition of diesel exhaust particle on a light-duty diesel engine. Three kinds of lubricant (LS-oil, MS-oil and HS-oil, all of which have different sulfur contents: 0.182%, 0.583% and 1.06%, respectively) were used in this study. The morphologies and nanostructures of exhaust particles were analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Size distributions of primary particles were determined through advanced image-processing software. Elemental compositions of exhaust particles were obtained through X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that as lubricant sulfur contents increase, the macroscopic structure of diesel exhaust particles turn from chain-like to a more complex agglomerate. The inner cores of the core-shell structure belonging to these primary particles change little; the shell thickness decreases, and the spacing of carbon layer gradually descends, and amorphous materials that attached onto outer carbon layer of primary particles increase. Size distributions of primary particles present a unimodal and normal distribution, and higher sulfur contents lead to larger size primary particles. The sulfur content in lubricants directly affects the chemical composition in the particles. The content of C (carbon) decreases as sulfur increases in the lubricants, while the contents of O (oxygen), S (sulfur) and trace elements (including S, Si (silicon), Fe (ferrum), P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium), Zn (zinc), Mg (magnesium), Cl (chlorine) and Ni (nickel)) all increase in particles. 相似文献
36.
37.
Rong Chen Zhen Lei Jiayuan Ji Xiaochang Wang Yu-You Li Yuan Yang Lu Zhang Tao Xue 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(2):105-110
The impact of Fe concentrations on the growth of Microcystisaeruginosa in aquatic systems under high nitrate and low chlorophyll conditions was studied. The responses of cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a intracellular Fe content and organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa to different concentration gradients of Fe(III) in the solutions were analysed. The results showed that the proliferation speeds of M. aeruginosa were: (1) decelerated when the Fe(III) concentration was lower than 50 μg/L in the solutions, (2) promoted and positively related to the increase of Fe(III) concentration from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions over the experimental period, and (3) promoted in the early stage but decelerated in later stages by excess adsorption of Fe by cells when the Fe(III) concentration was higher than 500 μg/L in the solutions. The maximum cell density, total and cell chlorophyll-a were all observed at 500 μg Fe(III)/L concentration. The organic elemental composition of M. aeruginosa was also affected by the concentration of Fe(III) in the solutions, and the molecular formula of M. aeruginosa should be expressed as C7–7.5H14O0.8–1.3N3.5–5 according to the functions for different Fe(III) concentrations. Cell carbon and oxygen content appeared to increase slightly, while cell nitrogen content appeared to decrease as Fe(III) concentrations increased from 100 to 500 μg/L in the solutions. This was attributed to the competition of photosynthesis and nitrogen adsorption under varying cell Fe content. 相似文献
38.
北京市新建城区不透水地表径流N、P输出形态特征研究 总被引:10,自引:7,他引:3
2010年通过对北京市新建城区典型不透水地表径流水样的采集与分析,研究新建城区地表径流水质特征及其N、P输出形态组成,以期为城市地表径流污染的源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,北京市新建区典型不透水地表屋面和道路地表径流污染初期冲刷效应显著,屋面径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期10 mm径流,而道路径流污染负荷的输出主要集中在初期15 mm径流.屋面地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为50.2、81.7、6.07、2.94、1.05和0.11 mg·L-1;道路地表径流TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP事件浓度均值分别为539.0、276.4、7.00、1.71、1.51和0.61 mg·L-1.屋面径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占20.8%、12.3%和49.7%,道路径流颗粒态COD、TN和TP分别占68.6%、20.0%和73.6%.屋面径流溶解性氮素占总氮87.7%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占57.6%和22.5%,道路径流溶解性氮素占总氮的80.0%,其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占42.1%和35.0%.城市地表径流污染控制应加强NH4+-N和NO3--N的去除. 相似文献
39.
模拟干旱胁迫对诸葛菜无机碳利用的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为研究喀斯特适生植物的碳酸酐酶应对岩溶干旱机制,本实验以诸葛菜为研究对象,以聚乙二醇(polyethyleneglycol,PEG)浓度为控制因子,已知δ13 C值的NaHCO3为无机碳源模拟喀斯特干旱逆境,测定分析不同浓度PEG下诸葛菜叶片的碳酸酐酶活力、稳定碳同位素组成、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光等指标。结果表明,诸葛菜的碳酸酐酶活力在PEG胁迫浓度低于40g·L-1时显著性增高;碳酸氢根离子利用份额随PEG浓度变化不同,10g·L-1时利用份额最多,20g·L-1时诸葛菜的碳酸氢根离子利用份额与对照相比无显著性差异;净光合速率随着PEG浓度的增加而下降,且下降趋势成非线性关系;PEG浓度低于40g·L-1时,荧光参数显示光合系统未受到损坏。适当的渗透逆境胁迫下,诸葛菜表现出高碳酸酐酶活力应对逆境。诸葛菜可凭借碳酸酐酶作用交替利用碳酸氢根离子和大气中的二氧化碳,补充诸葛菜因渗透胁迫造成的水分和二氧化碳的不足,保护光合系统,减缓净光合速率的下降。 相似文献
40.
染料废水处理技术现状与发展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
文章介绍了染料废水的物理、化学和生物处理技术,并分析了其去除原理和工艺优缺点,目的在于为染料废水处理工作提供理论基础和现实指导,并提出未来染料废水处理技术的发展走向———高效、经济、适应性强、清洁性的废水处理技术。 相似文献