Policy context as a factor of bias in the valuation of environmental goods – a dual-process theories perspective

When ecosystem services value estimates are applied in the economic assessment of environmental policies, high accuracy of these estimates is required. One of the directions in the scientific discussion on biases in stated preference (SP) valuation surveys builds on dual-process theories of judgment. The paper contributes to this literature by presenting an experiment where two types of judgment were induced via separate versus joint valuation of environmental goods. The results demonstrated that policy relevance of environmental issues, e.g. the need for conservation measures increases emotional response, causing a larger bias in the separate design as it involves ‘valuation by feeling.’ This finding suggests that the context of a specific policy, which is often the reason for conducting SP surveys, influences the answers, thereby making the results less reliable for use in cost–benefit analysis.     

设计配置对生物滞留设施污染物去除性能的影响研究

生物滞留是一种常用的低影响开发技术,通过不同机理去除径流中的各种污染物。设施面积、消能池设置、表面覆盖物的合理设计可降低外界的不利影响;内部斜坡与多元结构可优化设施性能,介质层的改良填料和较长深度可提高污染物的去除效率;配置适宜植物可提高环境耐受能力与污染物去除效果,引入多样植物可提高设施生物多样性,有利于发挥动植物相互作用,提高设施的稳定性与整体性能。     

浅谈生物资源平衡与生态平衡

地球是一个具有一定自洁、自我修复功能的大生态系统,它由各种植物、动物、人类、微生物有机的组成,维持着自然界的生态平衡。而大量的人类活动给地球的生态平衡产生了较大影响,特别是明显加快的城市化进程,使得这种平衡逐渐受到不可逆的破坏。论文重点分析了城市化给生态平衡所带来的问题,并由此提出了从生物链的角度建立生物资源平衡,从而实现新的生态平衡。将城市污染物的资源化和生态平衡联系起来,通过建立生物资源补充机制、改变城市垃圾和污水的处理方法等措施,促进生物资源平衡,在相对较大的范围内实现人类发展与自然相协调,实现可持续发展。     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity

Strategies to conserve biodiversity need to include the monitoring, modelling, adaptation and regulation of the composition of the atmosphere. Atmospheric issues include climate variability and extremes; climate change; stratospheric ozone depletion; acid deposition; photochemical pollution; suspended particulate matter; and hazardous air pollutants. Coarse filter and fine filter approaches have been used to understand the complexity of the interactions between the atmosphere and biodiversity. In the first approach, climate-based models, using GIS technology, helped create future biodiversity scenarios under a 2 × CO₂ atmosphere. In the second approach, the SI/MAB forest biodiversity monitoring protocols helped calibrate the climate-forest biodiversity baseline and, as global diagnostics, helped identify where the biodiversity was in equilibrium with the present climate. Forest climate monitoring, an enhancing protocol, was used in a co-location approach to define the thermal buffering capacity of forest ecosystems and their ability to reduce and ameliorate global climate variability, extremes and change.     

醌指纹法及其在环境微生物领域的应用

微生物在环境中的丰度和多样性受到广泛关注.系统介绍了一种通过分析微生物菌群中电子传递体的种类和数量来表征其群落丰度和多样性的方法——醌指纹法.综述了醌指纹法的原理和检测分析手段,归纳了醌指纹法在废水处理、水体、土壤和堆肥环境场景中的应用,此外还分析了醌指纹法的优缺点.最后,对醌指纹法在未来微生物治理领域的应用进行了展望...     

中国生物多样性信息主页的研究与开发

中国生物多样性信息主页介绍了我国生物多样性现状和生物多样性保护的政策、法规、规划、计划、履约工作动态等信息,是《生物多样性公约》资料交换所机制的重要组成部分．本文对主页进行系统分析和系统设计,并应用 Front Page 98 进行系统开发．该主页可访问我国生物多样性重要数据源点．为使主页内容具有新意,需经常更新主页．     

三唑酮对大型溞21天慢性毒性效应

三唑类杀菌剂是一种在农业上广泛应用的广谱性杀菌剂。三唑类杀菌剂在农田施用后能够向土壤深处迁移和扩散,从而污染土壤和地下水体,因此三唑类杀菌剂对土壤生态环境能够造成一定的破坏。选择三唑酮为研究对象,参照经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Developement,OECD)标准方法研究三唑酮对大型溞的慢性毒性效应。21d慢性毒性研究结果表明,大型溞繁殖指标-内禀增长率是对三唑酮最为敏感的毒性参数。其慢性毒性下限值(LCL)和慢性毒性上限值(UCL)分别为40和80μg·L-1。三唑酮对于第2代大型溞,染毒的影响比对第1代的影响更大。对第2代恢复的大型溞除了第1次产卵数没有显著性差异,其他指标都有所变化,这说明毒物被转移到子代中。     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

粤西海域浮游植物种类的动态变化及多样性

根据1998～1999年4个航次粤西海域浮游植物的调查资料，分析了该海域浮游植物的种类组成、季节变化和平面分布特征，并对浮游植物的多样性水平进行了初步评价。结果显示，调查期间共鉴定浮游植物267种，其种类组成以细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis)的数量最多，占总数量的29．5％，其次为短角弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)，占21．8％。不同季节浮游植物的优势种即有交叉又有演替。根据多样性阈值的评价，粤西海域绝大部分沿岸水域的浮游植物均处于多样性差或一般水平，而离岸水域基本处于多样性丰富或非常丰富水平。