江河源区主要自然生物资源概述

广袤的草地、特有的高寒湿地以及丰富而有又独特的生物多样性是江河源区重要的自然生物资源。草地占江河源区总土地面积的84.53%,是源区畜牧业经济发展的基础,同时也是长江、黄河和澜沧江三大江河的源头区域,为江河中、下游地区生态环境稳定和经济持续发展提供无可替代的服务。江河源区是世界上海拔最高的高寒湿地主要分布区,湿地总面积达8 000 km2。江河源区独特的生态环境孕育了种类繁多的特有动、植物种类,源区约有哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类133、249和219种,牧草植物、药用植物、食用植物和观赏植物约800、808、80和400种,是世界海拔最高的生物多样性集中分布区。然而,由于超载放牧、盲目采挖、盗猎等不合理的开发和利用以及气候变化等诸多因素的综合影响,江河源区草地生态系统退化、高寒湿地萎缩、生物多样性锐减等生态环境危机不断加剧。正确权衡江河源区自然生物资源的短期经济价值及其所拥有的巨大生态公益和潜在开发价值,科学决策,保护江河源区自然生物资源迫在眉睫。     

Trade-Offs between Species Conservation and the Size of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Moving from single-species- to ecosystem-based management requires an understanding of how community-level attributes such as diversity change with area. We used survey data from bottom trawls to examine spatial patterns of species richness in U.S. Pacific coastal fishes. Specifically, we generated and compared species–area relationships (SARs) for species classified into several groups on the basis of maximum body size, trophic level, diet, maximum depth, geographic affinity, and taxonomic order. Because SARs among groups were not parallel and z values varied significantly for several groups, groups of species were under- or overrepresented (depending on the size of the area) relative to their proportions in the entire community (i.e., entire U.S. Pacific coast). In this way, differences in SARs help demonstrate trade-offs between species representation and coastal area and suggest strategies (such as targeting the protection of habitats and locations where a particular species or groups of species are maximized) that may minimize the size of marine protected areas (MPAs) but protect diversity at the level of the community and functional group.     

长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性影响的研究

为探讨长期施肥对旱地土壤杂草种子库生物多样性的影响,我们在安徽蒙城地区的一个长期肥料试验定位监测点开展了相关研究。采用镜检法对旱地土壤表层（0～15 cm）中土壤杂草种子的种类进行鉴定并计数,记录杂草种子22种,隶属15科。不同施肥处理区杂草种子丰富度以NP1/2K区最高（14.7种）,PK区最低（10.7种）;其中陌上菜（Lindernia procumbens）、栗米草（Mollugo pentaphylla）、醴肠（Eclipta prostrata）、泽星宿菜（Lysimachia candida lindl）四种杂草的种子密度较大,分别在不同的处理区占据优势;从整个试验区来看,烟台飘拂草（Fimbristylis stauntoni）在所有处理中的密度都比较大,处于优势地位。长期不同施肥方式下,农田土壤杂草种子库的物种多样性有显著差异：PK区Shanon-Wiener指数大于其他处理区,但是Simpson优势度指数最低;NPK区Simpson优势度指数最高;PK、CK区Pielou均匀度指数大于其他处理区。田间杂草种子库的群落结构及其物种组成也发生了一定的变化,Whittaker指数表明,与不施肥处理相比较,半量的P和缺N的影响最显著,缺P次之,缺K和平衡施肥则没有显著影响。Sorenson群落相似性指数和Bray Curtis指数聚类分析结果表明,与不施肥相比较,长期施用N、P、K肥能显著改变旱地土壤杂草种子库的组成。本研究表明长期平衡施肥处理更有利于维持和保护旱地土壤杂草种子库的生物多样性。     

Knowing, Mapping and Understanding st. Lawrence Biodiversity, with Special Emphasis on Bird Assemblages

Environment Canada and the Québec Department of the Environment, partners in the St Lawrence Vision 2000 Action Plan, set out to prepare a compendium of knowledge of the flora and fauna of the St Lawrence and to identify potential conservation sites. The resulting Portrait is an Internet site that presents the current knowledge base of the river's ecological and biological diversity (http://lavoieverte.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/biodiv/index.html). The Portrait provides information on over 5,000 species of flora and fauna. On the website, you will find a detailed ecological analysis of the richness, rarity and vulnerability of several broad groups of plant and animal species. Furthermore, you will find a list of species for each of the 700 survey units and a distribution map for 2,500 species recorded along the St Lawrence., in atlas form, along with a detailed conservation plan. The plan encompasses the most unique and heterogeneous landscapes of the St Lawrence, some of which have no protection at present. The Portrait provides an overview of the sites that are currently protected by public agencies and private-sector organisations and identifies new sites of interest for conserving biodiversity and protecting species at risk. This paper exposes the content of this extensive compendium on the biodiversity of the St. Lawrence. For conciseness, it presents some of the analyses conducted on birds to illustrate a few of the analytical approaches that were used. Then, the information on species richness and concentration areas for priority species of vascular plants, breeding birds and herpetofauna will serve to identify the terrestrial sites of significance for biodiversity. Finally, a similar approach having been applied to the aquatic environnement, we will conclude with a conservation plan that identifies the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the geographic sites where the most important elements of St. Lawrence biodiversity are concentrated. Our analysis of the biodiversity of the most thoroughly studied taxa of the St. Lawrence clearly shows the importance of wetlands, particularly those located at the mouths of rivers or within archipelagos or delta complexes, such as the groups of islands and channels found at both ends of the Montréal Archipelago. These aquatic landscapes are sites of intense biological production, combining in a small geographical area spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for a large number of fish species and breeding, rearing and foraging areas for aquatic birds. Variable flooding conditions, associated with seasonal flooding or daily tidal fluctuations, create a complex mosaic of wetland and aquatic habitats. Although wetlands occupy only a small area in comparison with terrestrial habitats, they support a large number of rare plant and animal species in relation to their size. At present, 10% of the vascular flora and 27% of the herpetofauna of the St. Lawrence are at risk. In the case of reptiles and amphibians, the situation is especially worrisome because nearly all of the most threatened species live in a narrow band along the river corridor. Not only is this the sector that is under the greatest pressure from human development, very little public land remains here, making it difficult to create protected areas. Increased participation by non-governmental organisations and individuals, through private stewardship arrangements, is an essential precondition for completing the network of conservation areas in this part of the St. Lawrence. Along the estuary and the Gulf, habitat integrity has not been affected as much by the expansion of Québec's human population. This is a vast territory, and sites have been identified with a view to making up for the deficiencies in the present network of protected sites in terms of representing biodiversity.     

Is Multilateralism the Future? Sustainable Development or Globalisation as ‘A Comprehensive Vision of the Future of Humanity’

This paper provides an overall evaluation of the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), which took place in Johannesburg from 26 August to 4 September 2002, in a historical perspective, against the background of earlier major United Nations conferences and General Assembly resolutions on environment and development. It focuses on the political and institutional context of the WSSD and its preparatory process and explores its policy implications for future international cooperation on sustainable development in a globalizing world. Both the results of the formal intergovernmental negotiations and the new phenomenon of partnerships for sustainable development between governments, international organizations, the private sector and other major groups are analysed. The Johannesburg Declaration and the WSSD Plan of Implementation are shown to contain little in the way of political vision, credible new commitments and innovative approaches, likely to reinvigorate the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development as formulated in Rio. Though ostensibly designed to give a new political impetus to multilateralism, the WSSD rather revealed the inadequacy of intergovernmental political governance structures to address the social and environmental consequences of economic globalization.     

Formation of Rodent Communities in Arable Lands of Northern Eurasia

Rodent communities of crop fields have been demonstrated to fundamentally differ from rodent communities of natural biotopes. Communities dominated by Microtus arvaliss. lato, Mus musculus, and Apodemus agrariusoccupy the largest areas of arable fields in northern Eurasia. These are typical agrophiles. They usually rapidly colonize various crop fields, inhabit them seasonally or throughout the year, and successfully reproduce there, losing their connections with natural biotopes. Agriculture helps a few agrophilic species to flourish but reduces the general diversity of rodents.     

Linkages between biodiversity conservation and global climate change in small island developing States (SIDS)

Global climate change is an important cause of biodiversity loss. The conservation, sustainable management and use of biodiversity resources are key factors that can be effectively used to minimize the adverse impacts of global climate change. Efforts to understand and address the linkages between global climate change and biodiversity loss are both urgent and timely. Integrating responses related to these two global environmental challenges is especially relevant for small island developing States (SIDS) because the adverse impacts of climate change can impose severe stresses on biodiversity resources that are fragile, vulnerable and already under stress and the people who depend upon them. This paper argues that comprehensive assessments of adverse impacts of global climate change on the biodiversity resources of SIDS, and an improved understanding of relevant climate change related adaptation measures and sustainable energy policies (that are based on the principles of conservation, sustainable management and use of biodiversity resources) will enable SIDS to become more resilient and to develop better response capacities.     

景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础,随着人类的发展,生物多样性受到了严重的威胁,并得到全世界的关注。多样性保护的途径主要分为两个,一个是以物种为中心的传统保护途径,另一个是以生态系统为中心的景观生态保护途径。景观生态学的发展为生物多样性的保护提供了新的理论与方法。本文论述了生物多样性保护中景观生态学原理的运用,并简要介绍了目前景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用,旨在为生物多样性的保护提供理论依据。     

基于生物多样性保护的天津湿地生态旅游研究

在时生物多样性和生态旅游内涵探讨的基础上,对天津湿地的生物多样性现状进行系统的调查和论述,分析了天津湿地发展生态旅游的影响因素,并提出了相关的发展对策。     

协议保护：调和自然保护区保护与发展矛盾的新模式

中国是最早批准生物多样性公约的国家之一,自然保护区制度建立对我国生物多样性保护起到了重要作用。经过几十年的发展,中国已经建立起了种类较齐全,覆盖面较广,功能体制较健全的自然保护区网络,使得建立自然保护区成为中国多样性保护的重要途径之一。但保护区发展和经营过程中的一些难以用现有手段解决的问题也日益凸显。尤其是自然保护区生物多样性保护的基本要求与当地经济发展的急切需求之间的矛盾难以调和。而协议保护的出现为解决这些问题提供了新思路,协议保护在中国的初期应用也收到了良好的效果。本文就中国目前自然保护区中因经济开发造成的保护困境和协议保护的特点及范例分析,阐述在中国自然保护区及其周边实施协议保护的必要性与可行性。