昆明市区域噪声污染原因分析及防治对策

根据昆明市噪声显示屏对主城区实时监控与噪声污染状况的监测,统计分析昆明市声环境质量状况,对昆明市声环境质量污染特征及原因进行分析,并提出对策和建议。     

三台县农业面源污染的生态补偿机制与措施研究

三台县是一个农业大县,随着农业经济的迅速发展,农业面源污染日趋严重。种植业污染、畜禽养殖、农村生活污染成为三台县农业面源污染的主要因素。面源污染具有分散性、随机性和监测成本高的特点。对三台县农业面源污染产生进行了经济学分析,农业面源污染属于外部不经济性,通过建立生态补偿机制,控制农业面源污染。以三台县建立生态县和新农村建设为基础,通过转变农业生产方式,调整产业结构,发展生态农业,推进生态村的建设等生态补偿治理措施,改善三台县的农业生态环境。     

京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市结构性调整政策的CO2协同减排效益评估

《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》（"三年行动计划"）明确提出,产业结构调整、能源结构调整、交通结构调整和用地结构调整是大幅减少大气污染物和CO₂排放的重要抓手,这种协同效应非常明显,但在城市群层面还未被量化研究.为此,采用京津冀温室气体-空气污染物协同控制综合评估模型（GAINS-JJJ）,构建了2017年京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市群基础排放清单,定量分析了"三年行动计划"的实施带来的CO₂和主要大气污染物的排放变化情况.结果表明,与2017年相比,2020年政策情景下"2+26"城市的CO₂、一次PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x和NH₃的减排量分别为29.1 Mt （相当于2017年排放量的2%）、203.8（21%）、281.8（27%）、485.5（17%）和34.3 kt （3%）,排放量较大的城市或部门都实现了较为明显的减排.碳协同减排效益结果显示,产业结构调整的一系列重大举措（淘汰落后产能、工业锅炉升级改造和散乱污企业综合整治等）取得了良好的CO₂和大气污染物协同减排效应,而不同污染物中NO_x的碳协同减排效应最高.     

How percentage-protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes

Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived.     

Impact of cocoa agricultural intensification on bird diversity and community composition

To meet the growing demand for chocolate, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) agriculture is expanding and intensifying. Although this threatens tropical forests, cocoa sustainability initiatives largely overlook biodiversity conservation. To inform these initiatives, we analyzed how cocoa agriculture affects bird diversity at farm and landscape scales with a meta-analysis of 23 studies. We extracted 214 Hedges' g* comparisons of bird diversity and 14 comparisons of community similarity between a forest baseline and 4 farming systems that cover an intensification gradient in landscapes with high and low forest cover, and we summarized 119 correlations between cocoa farm features and bird diversity. Bird diversity declined sharply in low shade cocoa. Cocoa with >30% canopy cover from diverse trees retained bird diversity similar to nearby primary or mature secondary forest but held a different community of birds. Diversity of endemic species, frugivores, and insectivores (agriculture avoiders) declined, whereas diversity of habitat generalists, migrants, nectarivores, and granivores (agriculture associates) increased. As forest decreased on the landscape, the difference in bird community composition between forest and cocoa also decreased, indicating agriculture associates replaced agriculture avoiders in forest patches. Our results emphasize the need to conserve forested landscapes (land sparing) and invest in mixed-shade agroforestry (land sharing) because each strategy benefits a diverse and distinct biological community.     

基于模糊数学方法的清水河水环境安全分析

为了正确评估河流水环境安全状况及其演变规律,提出城区河流水环境安全管理的相关措施,通过调查黔中喀斯特地区清水河流经市区前后的花溪、水口寺、普渡桥三个断面河流水环境监测数据,构建9个参数的水环境质量安全指标模型,采用模糊综合评价方法,对清水河市区段的水环境安全进行综合评价分析。上游花溪断面在平水期和枯水期为非常安全,但丰水期稍差,处于安全状态,城区及其下游的普渡桥和水口寺两个断面全年处于极不安全状态。说明清水河经过贵阳城区的过程中水体受到污染而处于极不安全状态,甚至经过长距离的河段净化也没能使得水环境质量恢复到安全状态,根据此提出了城区河流水环境安全管理的相应措施。     

2015年北京“阅兵蓝”特征及成因探讨

利用大气成分和气象要素观测数据,对2015年8~9月北京田径世锦赛和抗战胜利70周年纪念活动期间的北京PM_2.5浓度变化特征及其相关的大气污染气象条件进行了研究,并采用大气化学数值模式模拟了气象条件、减排措施和区域减排联合行动对北京PM_2.5浓度下降的作用和贡献.结果表明：纪念活动期间北京地区空气质量显著改善,PM_2.5平均浓度仅为18.7μg/m³,比前期8月1~19日下降70%,比2014年同期降低74.0%;东北冷涡长时间稳定少动为空气质量改善提供了良好的大气环流条件,北京地区混合层高度相比前期升高20%,相对湿度降低17%,风速增大7%,气象要素变化为庆祝活动期间PM_2.5浓度下降提供了良好的气象条件,尤其是地面主导风向转为偏北风后,阻止了北京城南及华北中南部地区的污染物输入北京城区;CAMx模式的模拟结果表明,与2014年同期相比,气象条件变化在北京PM_2.5浓度降幅中的贡献率达73%;纪念活动期间有无减排的模拟分析显示,在相同的气象条件下,减排措施使北京PM_2.5浓度下降约33%;期间北京PM_2.5来源以本地排放为主,本地的减排措施对改善空气质量的贡献率约为72%,周边地区减排的贡献率约为28%.     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practice for Edible Wild Plants: Biodiversity Use by the Rarámuri,in the Sirerra Tarahumara,Mexico

The Rarámuri who live in the Sierra Tarahumara of Chihuahua State, Mexico have developed local knowledge and harvesting strategies for edible wild plants that have the effect of conserving the biodiversity of their forest ecosystem. This paper presents the results of ethnobotanical research undertaken in the community of Basìhuare in the Sierra Tarahumara, to provide details on some practical aspects of the Raráamuri worldview regarding interconnections between people and their environment. This traditional philosophy forms the basis for the use of edible wild plants and the harvesting strategies practiced in Basìhuare, such as selective harvesting, environmental modification and domestication. These activities provide the opportunity for harvesters to monitor the landscape and the plant resources that occur on the land, as well as present a setting for the communication and exchange of traditional ecological knowledge. However, Rarámuri harvesting practices are under stress because of increased external pressures from commercial timber extraction and other development. We discuss the state of traditional ecological knowledge and its transmission in the context of development activities in the region. The key to sustainability in the Sierra Tarahumara may be the maintenance of traditional management practices for edible wild plants, and other nontimber forest products, that lead to the conservation of biodiversity by creating patchiness and renewing the plant cover on the land.     

溴代二恶英类的来源、检测与污染现状

多溴二苯并-对-二恶英和多溴二苯并呋喃(PBDD/Fs)具有与多氯二苯并-对-二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)相似的结构和毒性,广泛存在于多种环境介质和生物体中,已经引起了广泛的关注.本文讨论了溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)生产和处理、电子垃圾拆解和热处理、垃圾焚烧和金属冶炼等工业热过程中PBDD/Fs排放水平及生成机制.其中,PBDD/Fs在BFRs产品中的含量较高,范围为0.257—49.605μg.g-1,在电子垃圾热解处理中气相和固相的含量分别可达到57 ng TEQ.kg-1和19000 ng TEQ.kg-1,而在冶金过程烟道气中的含量范围是0.14—1.5 ng TEQ.m-3.本文还总结了PBDD/F分析方法研究进展,包括样品前处理和仪器分析方法,提出了目前影响准确定量PBDD/Fs的因素以及相关的解决措施.归纳了当前环境介质和生物体及食品中PBDD/Fs的存在水平,指出电子垃圾热处理、垃圾焚烧等工业热过程已导致周边环境和生物体内PBDD/Fs的浓度增高.最后,介绍了国外与PBDD/Fs相关的控制措施和政策法规.     

Analysis of management effectiveness of natural reserves in Yunnan Province,China

Yunnan Province has many and unique natural resources and rich biodiversity. Natural reserves (NRs) play a significant role in maintaining and protecting the biodiversity and stability of ecosystems in this area. Yunnan is a typically eco-environmentally fragile area; thus positive effects of NRs are important in the construction of an ecological safety barrier for southwest China. Evaluation of the effectiveness of management of NRs has been implemented to improve management outcomes. This study provides indices to evaluate problems and management effectiveness for 60 NRs, covering national and provincial NRs of Yunnan Province. These indicate that management of NRs suffers from inadequate funding, poor infrastructure and equipment, low community participation, and a lack of government support. The indices had relatively low scores for infrastructure and equipment, ecotourism, monitoring, and evaluation, but high scores for planning and design and ownership. There were significant positive correlations between protection rank, size, age of NRs, and management effectiveness. International exchanges and collaboration would help to improve management of the NRs. NRs that straddle administrative boundaries had relatively higher scores than those within an administrative unit. Management success was not correlated with staff input, which might imply low efficiency of staff in this area. Some recommendations are offered to improve management of NRs based on analysis of management problems and identification of influencing factors.