A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Yunnan Province

Introduction Volatile organic compounds(VOC) are very important tothe chemical composition of ambient atmosphere. Ozone isformed through the photochemical reactions of VOC of bothanthropogenic and biogenic origin with oxides of nitrogen(NOx), …     

Preliminary study on treatment of waste organic matter from livestock by bacteria-mineral technology

The present study dealt with relationships between the degradation and humification process that the organic matter underwent during bacteria-mineral technology.An inverse correlation was found between the protein,lipid,and some of the humification indices considered,suggesting that the humification theory is actually humic substances produced from simple-structured natural organic substrates.Weight-average molecular weight (Mw),number-average molecular weight(Mn),and the ratio Mw/Mn of dissolved organic matters at difierent stages of the process were measured by gel permeation chromatography.The results showed that Mn and Mw increased with reaction time from 352 to 17,191,and from 78,707 to 104,564,respectively.The ratio of Mn/Mw decreased from 223.3 to 6.1.This reflected the growth of the polymerization degree of dissolvable organic matters in the process;furthermore,it indicated the formation of complex molecules (humic substances) from more simple molecules.Bacteria-mineral water(BMW) (the effluent of the process) treatments can exert hormone-like activity for enhanced seed germination of wheat and rice and greatly improved chlorophyll synthesis in wheat and rice leaves.Major polyamines (plant regulators) putrescine,spermidine,and spermine,were found in BMW by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method,which may explain the hormone-like activity of BMW.     

Distribution and accumulation of biogenic silica in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary

Sedimentary biogenic silica is known to be all important parameter to understand biogeochemical processes and paleoenviromental records in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Consequently, it is of great significance to investigate accumulation and distribution of biogenic silica in sediments. The two-step mild acid-mild alkaline extraction procedure was used to leach biogenic silica and its early diagenetic products in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. The results showed that total biogenic silica(t-BSi)in the intertidal sediments varied from 237. 7-419. 4 μmol Si/g. while the mild acid leachable silica(Si-HCl)and the mild alkaline leachable silica(Si-Alk)were in the range of 25. 1-72. 9μmol Si/g and 208. 1-350. 4 μmol Si/g. respectively. Significant correlations were observed for the grain size distributions of sediments and different biogenic silica pools in intertidal sediments. This confirms that grain size distribution Can significantly affect biogenic silica contents in sediments. Close relationships of biogenic silica with organic carbon and nitrogen Were also found, reflecting that there is a strong coupling between biogenic silica and organic matter biogeochemical cycles in the intertidal system of the Yangtze Estuary. Additionally, the early diagenetic changes of biogenic silica in sediments are discussed in the present study.     

厌氧颗粒污泥合成纳米钯及强化降解双氯芬酸性能

为了提高厌氧颗粒污泥(AGS)对难降解卤代有机物的还原降解能力,本文研究了厌氧颗粒污泥原位还原制备纳米钯构建载钯型厌氧颗粒污泥(Pd-AGS)的方法与条件,以及Pd-AGS在不同电子供体及烘干方式下对双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解特性.研究表明,当Pd(II)浓度为50～200 mg·L~(-1),Pd/生物量比为1/40～1/10时,被颗粒污泥还原的Pd(II)超过90%,且Pd/生物量比越高,与污泥微生物结合的纳米钯(Pd NPs)越多;添加氧化还原介体蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸(AQDS)不能加快Pd(II)的还原速率,但可以使与胞外聚合物(EPS)结合的Pd NPs增多.Pd NPs的负载显著强化了AGS对DCF的降解性能,甲酸钠和氢气都能够作为电子供体激活Pd-AGS降解DCF,氢气更为有效.氢气存在下,初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1) DCF在90 min降解率达到96.47%,而不载钯的AGS最终对DCF的降解率仅为16.19%.烘干处理会降低Pd-AGS对DCF的降解效率,但相比121℃和600℃的烘干方式,冷冻干燥和80℃烘干方法对Pd-AGS的降解性能影响较小.Pd-AGS将微生物降解性能与纳米钯的催化性能相结合,提高了对卤代难降解有机物的降解能力.     

亚间冰期以来长江入海口下切河谷充填型沉积体系与生物气聚集

分析了江苏省启东市北新镇NTZK01孔岩心沉积特征,结合该孔45个有机碳样品和14个样品的渗透率值,讨论亚间冰期(LG)和冰后期(PG)海侵旋回的层序地层特征及浅层生物气的勘探前景。研究表明,研究区在亚间冰期(LG)海侵旋回,海平面快速下降,地层遭受侵蚀,仅保留部分河床沉积,其最大海泛面也未保存。研究区在冰后期(PG)海侵旋回,发育了一套完整的海侵-海退旋回,下切河谷区自下而上依次发育河流相、浅海相和三角洲相。底部侵蚀面为冰后期(PG)海侵旋回的底界面,最大海泛面发育在淤泥质粘土层中,最大海泛面以下为海侵旋回,最大海泛面以上为海退旋回。     

沉积物中生物硅快速测定的优化方法

目前,沉积物中生物硅含量的测定方法面临耗时长、步骤繁琐、工作量大,及缺乏国际统一的标准样品的问题。本文采用碱式连续提取法分析了贵州喀斯特地区水库表层沉积物的生物硅含量,并采用硅铝截距法证实了Demaster斜率截距法的准确性。结果表明,01、05、1 mol/L Na_2CO_3溶液提取分析得到的生物硅含量是一致的,其中01 mol/L的Na_2CO_3更适合喀斯特地区水库沉积物生物硅的提取和含量测定。同时,本研究还比较了多点法和单点法的优缺点,并指出在提取时间为15～30 min以内时,采用单点法分析生物硅含量比传统的5 h提取测定生物硅含量更加精确,同时也大大节省了分析时间。     

12种常见落叶果树BVOCs排放清单和排放特征

为了解城市近郊区域植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)排放情况,运用动态采样法对北京地区广泛种植的12种典型落叶果树(其中9种为首次报道) BVOCs进行野外采样和实验室分析.结果表明,果树释放物中含有烃类、醇类和醛类等9类物质,烃类含量最高,占39. 0%. 12种果树均释放异戊二烯和单萜(6种果树释放倍半萜烯),其中,桃等3种果树为高BVOCs排放树种,海棠等9种果树为中等BVOCs排放树种.果树总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率在(2. 6±0. 1)～(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间,其中杏子总BVOCs释放速率最高[(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)].对不同科属及生活型果树BVOCs进行显著性分析发现,木本类果树异戊二烯释放速率[(4. 2±1. 4)μg·(g·h)~(-1)]显著高于藤本类[(0. 6±0. 2)μg·(g·h)~(-1),P=0. 03],但果树BVOCs的释放速率不具有显著的科属差异,暂不能依据果树科属关系对BVOCs释放水平进行分类.与松柏科植物不同,具有花香或脂香味的β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)、D-柠檬烯(D-limonene)和γ-松油烯(γ-terpinene)是果树释放的主要成分,β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)含量最高,占单萜总释放量的59. 3%.此外,果树还可能释放芴、菲和萘等8种具有芳香味的有毒有害大气污染物.本研究拓展了BVOCs研究领域,为丰富BVOCs数据库及BVOCs环境效应评估提供了基础数据.     

生态NMHC对臭氧和PAN影响的数值模拟研究

利用数值模拟方法结合GEIA生态源排放清单，研究了夏季我国东部生态系统排放非甲烷烃（NMHC）对臭氧和过氧乙酰硝酸脂（PAN）的影响，阐明了生态NMHC在大气化学系统中的重要作用。研究结果表明，生态NMHC使我国东部大部分地区臭氧和PAN增加，最大平均增量分别为9ppb和0．6ppb；白天最大平均增量分别达到21ppb和1．2ppb，最大增量地区位于长江三角洲的浙江、上海附近地区。模拟结果与实测值有好的一致性，研究结果表明对于区域和城市臭氧的模拟及其控制应该充分考虑生态源的作用。     

锰氧化物与环境中有机物的作用及其在环境修复中的应用

锰氧化物在陆地和海洋环境中含量丰富.作为天然强氧化剂之一,广泛地参与自然界中有机和无机化合物的氧化还原反应,锰氧化物通过吸附、氧化偶合或氧化分解等方式与多种有机物,如酚及取代酚、芳香胺、腐殖酸、氨基酸.甚至多环芳烃、多氯联苯、内分泌干扰物等相互作用,本文对锰氧化物与多种有机物的反应机理、影响锰氧化物对有机物吸附性能和反应活性的因素进行了综述.同时介绍了天然矿物锰氧化物、化学合成锰氧化物及生物氧化锰的特点及其在环境修复中的应用前景.     

二次有机气溶胶的形成及其毒理效应

有机物是大气气溶胶中非常重要的化学组分,对我国空气污染及灰霾事件发生具有显著的贡献,是当前大气化学研究的最前沿课题之一。有机气溶胶中包含大量有毒物质(如多环芳香烃、多氯联苯及有机胺类等),直接危害人体健康。目前气溶胶中有机组分的体内/体外生物毒性研究多集中于污染源直接排放的一次颗粒物,对于大气中二次有机气溶胶的形成和毒性效应的关注很少。本文以多环芳烃、有机胺及自然源萜烯类挥发性有机物为例,简要综述了大气中二次有机气溶胶的形成及其生物毒性效应,重点关注这些二次有机气溶胶的形成对母体有机组分生物毒性的增强作用,以增进对大气气溶胶污染的健康危害认识。