反萃取双波长光度法测定水中微量酚类和芳胺

研究了乙醚萃取,１０％ＮａＯＨ溶液和１０％ＨＣｌ溶液反萃取,４－氨基安替吡啉（４－ＡＡＰ）双波长光度法同时测定污水中酚类和芳胺含量的分析方法。提高了测定灵敏度,有效地消作多种干扰物质的干扰,可测定０．００３－６．０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的酚类和０．０００８－０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的芳胺加标回收率,苯酚１０１％￣１０８％,苯胺９６％￣１０７％。酚类测定与国标的相对误差≤６．５％,芳胺类测定结果与相应国标法的误     

香溪河流域不同介质中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及相关性研究

为了解香溪河流域碳、氮、磷的分布情况及水、陆生态系统中这些生源要素间的相互关系,对流域内河岸带土壤、河流水体及沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量进行调查,分析它们在流域内的分布特点,探讨各要素在3种介质间的相关性及随河流级别的变化规律。研究发现,超过60%的样点土壤中TOC、TN含量处于"较丰富"或"丰富"等级,耕地附近样点的TOC、TN和磷矿区附近样点的TP普遍偏高。河流水体及沉积物中各要素的含量都与土壤中的含量紧密相关,但水、陆介质间TP的相关性较TOC、TN强。低级别河流样点土壤中TOC、TN、C/P、N/P值和沉积物中C/P及N/P值整体较高级别河流样点高。结果表明:以磷矿开发和农业施肥为代表的人类活动,对香溪河流域内生源要素的含量及分布产生了显著影响;水体中P元素含量与陆源关系最强,在水体污染控制中应予以重视。     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources

The submicron particulate matter (PM₁) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM₁ and PM_2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM₁ and PM_2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM₁/PM_2.5, AE/CE, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K⁺, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM₁ and PM_2.5 were 32.4 µg/m³ and 53.3 µg/m³, and PM₁ constituted 63% of PM_2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM₁ and PM_2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM_2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的不同地理区域湖泊沉积物生物质磷(Biogenic-P)形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法,研究了我国不同地理区域湖泊表层沉积物中生物质磷(Biogenic-P)的形态特征.结果表明,不同地理区域湖泊表层沉积物磷含量差异较大,湖泊沉积物中的总磷在184.37～1089.41 mg·kg~(-1)之间,青藏高原的青海湖总磷含量最高,达到1089.41 mg·kg~(-1).使用~(31)P-NMR技术在湖泊沉积物中共检测到4类磷化合物,其中生物质磷检测到3类磷化合物,分别为:磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P),其中以磷酸单酯为主,含量在5.57～399.18 mg·kg~(-1)之间.随着我国外源性磷的有效控制,内源性磷成为了磷主要的来源,在磷的内源负荷中,生物质磷矿化释放的磷将会影响水体整体生产力,本研究基于液相~(31)P核磁共振技术,对我国不同区域湖泊沉积物中磷形态的分布有了一些新的认识,可为深入认识磷在不同区域湖泊中转化提供支持,有助于深入研究不同区域湖泊磷生物地球化学循环过程,同时为认识我国不同区域湖泊沉积物中磷形态特征提供数据支持.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱检测地表水中五种生物胺

采用固相萃取及高效液相色谱串联质谱技术,建立了地表水中5种生物胺（腐胺、尸胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺）的测定方法。水样中2-苯乙胺、酪胺和色胺可直接进样测定,腐胺和尸胺经HLB固相萃取柱富集,乙腈洗脱,氮吹浓缩至1.0mL后进样液相色谱串联质谱分析,以选择离子监测（SRM）模式定量分析。在本实验条件下,加标回收率在89.4%～122%之间,相对标准偏差2.15%～11.9%（n=7）,检出限在0.05～5μg/L。     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的水中芳香胺类污染物现场快速检测技术

利用表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）对水中芳香胺类污染物进行检测分析.通过化学法合成具有SERS活性的银胶,紫外可见光谱、动态光散射及扫描电子显微镜表征显示制备的银胶分散性良好、粒径均匀;选用背景散射弱、价格便宜的薄层色谱板为承载基底,利用所制备的银胶并结合便携式拉曼光谱仪对芳香胺类污染水样进行现场快速检测,结果显示,适当...     

低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素的吸附作用

采用振荡平衡法研究了相对分子质量<3 500的低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素(AFB1)的吸附作用及机制.吸附动力学实验结果表明,0～24 h内,蒙脱土原土快速吸附AFB1,在2 h处吸附量即至最大值,而后吸附量持续降低,12 h后趋于稳定、吸附量为1.01μg.g-1;0～24 h内,改性蒙脱土对AFB1的吸附量则持续增加,12 h时吸附量达最大值(1.60μg.g-1),其后吸附达平衡.用腐殖酸改性后,蒙脱土对AFB1的等温吸附曲线由Langmuir型转变为Freundlich型,平衡浓度较高条件下,AFB1在改性蒙脱土上的吸附量明显高于蒙脱土原土.蒙脱土改性后晶层坍塌,出现不规则和絮状松散结构,与其表面聚集的腐殖酸形成较为稳定的"矿物-腐殖酸"复合体,增强了其对疏水性AFB1的吸附能力.随溶液pH值的增大,原土和改性蒙脱土对AFB1的吸附量均增大,但AFB1在改性蒙脱土上吸附量的增加幅度较大,这可能主要与溶液碱性的提高促进了AFB1与蒙脱土矿物的氢键及电性结合有关.研究结果可为进一步阐明AFB1在土壤中的界面过程和环境归趋提供依据.     

Carbon footprint of recycled biogenic products: the challenge of modelling CO2 removal credits

Current carbon footprinting (CF) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods do not treat recycled biogenic carbon adequately, because the calculation rules for recycled products and biogenic carbon stored in products are defined independently from each other. Therefore, an improved and consistent calculation rule for the CF of product systems containing both recycling processes and carbon stored in products is proposed. The methodological approach consists of the application of the same allocation principles for both greenhouse gas (GHG) releases and GHG removals: (1) explicit accounting of inputs (GHG removals) and outputs (GHG releases) of biogenic carbon flows instead of assuming carbon neutrality per se; (2) consistent application of allocation rules for environmental benefits and environmental burdens. It is shown that the different modelling approaches (e.g. polluter pays, conservative or partitioning) lead to different results in LCA and CF calculations, e.g. the GHG emissions of first life cycle of the product system calculated here range between ? 1.6 units in the polluter pays approach and 4 units in the conservative approach. It is shown that the currently common modelling is an average approach for primary biogenic material, a worst-case approach for recycled biogenic material and a best-case approach for disposed biogenic material. This paper proposes to improve the currently developed standards for CF by adding a requirement to the goal and scope definition phase that ensures the consistent and transparent documentation, how biogenic carbon removal credits are allocated between life cycles.     

Dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the Aegean Sea

The distribution and transportation of Dissolved and Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbon (DDPH) were investigated in the Aegean Sea with the hydrodynamics of the water masses of the region. It is clear that distribution of this pollutant is strongly affected by physical dynamics of environment. The data were collected during cruises in November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. In the present study additionally the Chlorophyll‐a was measured fluorometrically and there is good correlation between petroleum hydrocarbon and chlorophyll‐a in the Aegean Sea. DDPH data was used to search origin of hydrocarbons: biogenic or non biogenic.     

饮用水中二级胺的气相色谱快速检测方法研究

以二甲胺、二乙胺、甲乙胺、吗啉和N-甲基苄胺5种二级胺代表物质为例,分别使用气相色谱-氢火焰(GC-FID)技术和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术检测饮用水中二级胺质量浓度。结果表明,使用优化的预处理方法处理后进样分析,5种代表物质的线性范围在20~2 000μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤0.46%,最低检出限在3.18~24.19μg/L。FID比MSD具有较强优势。该方法对于直链脂肪类和杂环类的二级胺都有良好的检测效果,可用于对饮用水二级胺类物质的检测。