喀斯特水库碳、硅耦合循环:以红枫湖、普定水库和平寨水库为例

通过研究红枫湖、普定水库和平寨水库三个喀斯特水库的碳、硅循环,探讨了水库碳-硅循环的耦合关系。藻类光合作用导致表层水体溶解硅(DSi)及溶解无机碳(DIC)的亏损;当DSi供应不足时,硅藻生长繁殖大量消耗DSi,导致DSi相对DIC快速亏损。沉降颗粒物中内源有机碳含量越高,生物硅(BSi)及有机碳(OC)含量越高,但OC/BSi受控于硅藻对沉积物有机碳贡献率,且与之呈反比。生物硅与有机碳含量之比K值(K=BSi/OC)可作为硅藻贡献率的潜在替代指标,并与之呈正相关;生物硅与内源有机碳(OC_(auto))含量之比K_(auto)值(K_(auto)=BSi/OC_(auto))可作为水体富营养化程度的潜在替代指标,并与富营养化程度呈负相关。     

白炭黑生产中干燥系统的噪声控制

对ＲＨＯＮＥ－ＰＯＵＬＥＮＣ白炭黑公司的干燥系统进行了噪声综合治理。主要措施有：大型引风机隔声罩、引风机排气筒消声塔,加热炉和鼓风机隔声机房,雾化加速器活动隔声罩,管道隔声包扎等。治理后厂界噪声由７４ｄＢ（Ａ）降至４５ｄＢ（Ａ）。     

硅微粉的提纯实验研究

采用选择性絮凝法对硅微粉进行提纯处理,分别探索了分散剂、絮凝剂种类及用量、pH值和沉降时间等因素对提纯效果的影响,实验结果表明,当聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、油酸钠的投加量分别80 g/t和1 824 g/t硅微粉,体系pH5.3,沉降时间50 min时,硅微粉中二氧化硅的含量从74%提高到了90.9%,提纯效果显著。     

类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料的制备及其吸附性能

以有机硅高沸物和Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出疏水性的类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料。采用透射电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外分析仪和比表面与空隙度分析仪对该吸附材料的结构进行表征。表征结果显示,该吸附材料呈海绵状多孔结构,比表面积为294.48 m²/g,孔径分布较宽（为2 ~140 nm）,平均孔径为8.95 nm。实验结果表明：采用该吸附材料常温下静态吸附处理质量浓度为10 mg/L的罗丹明B（RhB）溶液,在类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料加入量50 g/L、静态吸附时间5 h的最佳静态吸附工艺条件下,RhB去除率为98.8%,吸附后RhB质量浓度为0.124 mg/L;采用该吸附材料常温下动态吸附处理质量浓度为15 mg/L的RhB溶液,吸附4 h后开始穿透,吸附7 h后完全穿透。穿透时间较长,表明该吸附材料具有较大的吸附容量。     

4种脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对铅离子的吸附

为了合成高效铅离子吸附剂,了解其对铅离子的吸附规律。采用(3-氯丙基)三甲氧基硅烷(CPTS)架桥法,以硅胶(SG)为载体,乙二胺(EDA)、二乙烯三胺(DETA)、三乙烯四胺(TETA)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为表面修饰剂,合成了4种胺化硅胶,测定了它们的红外光谱、热重等性质以及对Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附能力。结果表明,4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量均大于Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量,其中DETA修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量较高。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型以及Langmuir和Scatchart等温吸附热力学模型,其对Pb2+吸附的速率常数、饱和吸附量以及吸附位点数由大到小的顺序一致,均为SG-DETASG-TEPASG-EDASG-TETA。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附速率和吸附量呈现"奇数胺"增强效应,亲和常数则依次减小。阐明了脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附规律,并进一步讨论了Scatchart和Langmuir热力学模型的统一性。     

乙醇溶析结晶法从白炭黑废母液中回收硫酸钠

以乙醇为溶析剂,通过过滤—中和—蒸馏浓缩—溶析结晶等工序,从白炭黑废母液中回收硫酸钠。考察了硫酸钠回收效果的影响因素,并进行了热能消耗和处理成本的分析。实验结果表明：乙醇的加入量对硫酸钠溶解度和蒸馏浓缩过程有着显著影响;在蒸馏醇水比（乙醇与中性废母液的体积比）为0.27,浓缩废母液中硫酸钠质量浓度为69.27 g/L,溶析醇水比（乙醇与浓缩废母液的体积比）为1的最佳工艺条件下,白炭黑废母液中硫酸钠的一次回收率可达69.94%,硫酸钠产品的纯度达到97.3%。     

Silica nanoparticles and silver-doped silica nanoparticles induce endoplasmatic reticulum stress response and alter cytochrome P4501A activity

Engineered silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NPs) find widespread application and may lead to exposure of humans and the environment. Here we compare the effects of SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-NPs doped with silver (SiO₂-Ag-NPs) on survival and cellular function of human liver cells (Huh7) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) fibroblast cells (FMH). In Huh7 cells we investigate effects on the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), including ER stress, and interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters. The NPs formed agglomerates/aggregates in cell culture media as revealed by SEM and TEM. SiO₂ and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs were taken up into cells as demonstrated by agglomerates occurring in vesicular-like structures or freely dispersed in the cytosol. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in Huh7 than in FMH cells, and increased with silver content in silver-doped NPs. Dissolved silver was the most significant factor for cytotoxicity. At toxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs induced perturbations in the function of ER. In Huh7 cells NPs induced the unfolded protein response (UPR), or ER stress response, as demonstrated in induced expression of BiP and splicing of XBP1 mRNA, two selective markers of ER stress. Additionally, SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs and AgNO₃ induced reactive oxygen species. Pre-treatment of Huh7 cells with SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs followed by exposure to the inducer benzo(a)pyrene caused a significant reduced induction of CYP1A activity. NPs did not alter the activity of ABC transporters. These data demonstrate for the first time that SiO₂-NPs and SiO₂-1% Ag-NPs result in perturbations of the ER leading to the ER stress response. This represents a novel and significant cellular signalling pathway contributing to the cytotoxicity of NPs.     

Effects of Watershed Impervious Cover on Dissolved Silica Loading in Storm Flow1

Abstract: Dissolved silica (DSi) availability is a factor that affects the composition of algal populations in aquatic ecosystems. DSi cycling is tightly linked to the hydrological cycle, which is affected by human alterations of the landscape. Development activities that increase impervious cover change watershed hydrology and may increase the discharge of DSi‐poor rainwater and decrease the discharge of DSi‐rich ground water into aquatic ecosystems, possibly shifting algal community composition toward less desirable assemblages. In this study, DSi loadings from two adjacent coastal watersheds with different percent impervious cover were compared during four rain and five nonrain events. Loadings in the more impervious watershed contained a significantly larger proportion of surface runoff than base flow (ground‐water discharge) and had lower [DSi] water during rain events than the less impervious watershed. Application of the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (CN) method showed that the minimum rainfall height necessary to yield runoff was significantly lower for the more impervious watershed, implying that runoff volumes increase with impervious cover as well as the frequency of runoff‐yielding events. Empirical data collected during this study and estimates derived from the CN method suggest that impervious cover may be responsible for both short‐term DSi limitation during rain events as well as long‐term reduction of DSi inputs into aquatic ecosystems.     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.