光合细菌PSB07-15对辣椒及土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复

利用光合细菌菌株PSB07-15对辣椒促生作用及对植株与土壤中甲氰菊酯残留的生物修复进行了研究,为光合细菌生物修复菊酯类农药残留的实际应用提供科学依据。结果表明：菌株PSB07-15菌液用ddH2O稀释100倍液、200倍液浸种处理后能够显著提高辣椒种子发芽率;田间小区试验结果表明,菌株PSB07-15施用1 875、3 750、7 500 mL.hm-2,辣椒鲜质量分别增加15.12%、21.68%、14.79%;菌株PSB07-15能够有效降解辣椒和土壤中甲氰菊酯残留（辣椒中大于47.20%,土壤中大于50.73%）。     

石油污染土壤综合修复治理方法研究

通过对石油污染土壤情况调查发现,石油污染土壤程度在平面上,以油井为中心,污染程度向四周减轻;在纵深上,土壤表层污染较重,往下随深度递增而呈减轻的趋势。因此,基于土壤污染程度分布情况,各区域的治理方法也不同,污染土壤严重区域(油井附近)采用土壤置换法,轻微区域(外围)采用植物修复技术,中等区域(介于前两者之间)采用微生物修复技术。为了提高综合修复质量,在中等和轻微污染区域进行微生物+植物联合修复技术试验,结合试验效果,合理利用该技术最终可达到治理目的。     

Bioremediation of highly contaminated oilfield soil: Bioaugmentation for enhancing aromatic compounds removal

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different amendments--including a commercial NPK fertilizer, a humic substance （HS）, an organic industrial waste （NovoGro）, and a yeast-bacteria consortium--in the remediation of highly contaminated （up to 6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons） oilfield soils. The concentrations of hydrocarbon, soil toxicity, physicochemical properties of the soil, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities and microbial community structures were examined during the 90-d incubation. The results showed that the greatest degradation of total petroleum hydro- carbons （TPH） was observed with the biostimulation using mixture of NPK, HS and NovoGro, a treatment scheme that enhanced both dehydrogenase and lipase activities in soil. Introduction of exogenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （in addition to biostimulation with NPK, HS and NovoGro） had negligible effect on the removal of TPH, which was likely due to the competition between exogenous and autochthonous microorganisms. None- theless, the addition of exogenous yeast-bacteria consor- tium significantly enhanced the removal of the aromatic fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons, thus detoxifying the soil. The effect of bioaugmentation on the removal of more recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbon fraction was likely due to the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi.     

The Effect of Interaction Between White-rot Fungi and Indigenous Microorganisms on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

White-rot fungi applied for soil bioremediation have to compete with indigenous soil microorganisms. The effect of competition on both indigenous soil microflora and white-rot fungi was evaluated with regard to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with different persistence in soil. Sterile and non-sterile soil was artificially contaminated with ¹⁴C-labeled PAH consisting of three (anthracene), four (pyrene, benz[a]anthracene) and five fused aromatic rings (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene). The two fungi tested,Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus, produced similar amounts of ligninolytic enzymes in soil, but PAH mineralization by P. ostreatus was significantly higher. Compared to the indigenous soil microflora, P.ostreatus mineralized 5-ring PAH to a larger extent, while the indigenous microflora was superior in mineralizing 3-ring and 4-ring PAH. In coculture the special capabilities of both soil microflora and P. ostreatus were partly restricted due to antagonistic interactions, but essentially preserved. Thus, soil inoculation with P. ostreatus significantly increased the mineralization of high-molecular-weight PAH, and at the same time reduced the mineralization of anthracene and pyrene. Regarding the mineralization of low-molecular-weight PAH, the stimulation of indigenous soil microorganisms by straw amendment was more efficient than application of white-rot fungi.     

油污染地下水原位生物修复试验研究

石油产品污染土壤和地下水已成为当前全球共同面临的一个严峻问题。根据油污染地下水的特点,采用地下水原位生物修复技术进行处理。实验结果表明原位生物修复技术处理地下水效果显著,水中COD去除率可达95％,油类去除率也达90％以上,是一种十分有效的地下水处理技术。     

一株苯并[a]芘高效降解真菌的筛选与降解特性

从长期受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中分离出一株能够降解苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的真菌,经鉴定为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)(命名为BF-1),并对其以B[a]P为唯一碳源进行反复驯化,考察了B[a]P浓度、不同重金属和培养基对其降解能力的影响.结果表明,菌株BF-1在B[a]P浓度为5mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养约6d的条件下,降解速度最快,B[a]P的降解率达68.28%.BF-1在B[a]P浓度分别为10与25mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养6d的条件下,B[a]P的降解率分别为73.29%与87.36%.Cu2+(50mg.L-1)基本不影响BF-1对B[a]P的降解率;Cd2+(100mg.L-1)、Pb2+(300mg.L-1)对BF-1降解B[a]P有一定影响,但仍表现出较高的耐受能力;而Zn2+(200mg.L-1)对BF-1有明显的抑制作用.选用含5mg.L-1B[a]P的土豆葡萄糖液体培养基,6d后B[a]P的降解率为71.31%.对比前述实验结果表明,培养基对B[a]P降解率的影响并不明显.因此,BF-1的应用价值较高.     

Isolation of Cr(Ⅵ) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

不同电子受体对无分子氧环境中苯微生物降解的影响

为了考察提供氧分子以外的其它电子受体时微生物对石油污染的修复效果,在缺氧和厌氧条件下,采用批式试验方法研究了活性污泥在供给硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、EDTA铁盐或硝酸盐+EDTA铁盐条件下对苯的降解效果,探讨了这些电子受体对缺氧和厌氧微生物降解苯的影响以及这些电子受体之间的相互作用.结果表明:①在供给硝酸盐时,苯的生物降解作用、硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐暂时累积现象同时出现;②当供给亚硝酸盐时,苯的生物降解作用不明显;③在供给EDTA铁盐为电子受体时,苯的生物降解作用明显,亚铁盐浓度逐渐升高;④当同时供给硝酸盐和EDTA铁盐时,苯的生物降解作用明显.并且没有出现明显的亚硝酸盐和亚铁盐累积现象.这表明,同时供给硝酸盐和EDTA铁盐时,伴随苯的降解首先硝酸盐和铁盐还原产生亚硝酸盐和亚铁盐,随后亚硝酸盐将亚铁盐氧化为铁盐.氧化产生的铁盐又继续作为苯降解的电子受体来降解苯;铁离子和亚铁离子之间构成的氧化还原循环,从而促进了苯的缺氧降解和硝酸盐还原.     

生物标志物在溢油生物修复效果评价中的应用研究进展

原油中含有多种生物标志物,并具有抗生物降解、抗风化等特点,可以作为内标化合物用于溢油生物效果评价。本论文在介绍原油中类异戊二烯类、甾烷类、萜烷类和烷基化多环芳烃类生物标志物结构特点和分析方法的基础上,重点评述了近年来这几类生物标志物的降解性及其在溢油生物修复效果评价中应用的国内外研究进展。     

Enhanced bioremediation of oil contaminated soil by graded modified Fenton oxidation

The fraction of oil (C₁₀-C₄₀) became more biodegradable after graded modified Fenton’s oxidation, therefore, it can be considered a mild pre-treatment method to obtain more effective bioremediation for oil contaminated soil.